Transformative and Instrumental Views on Education in...

For a long time socioeconomic status and social class has been seen as a strong predictor of student achievement. Australia, like many of our fellow first world nations is very much a ‘you reap what you sow’ nation, but how can we expect those whom are disadvantaged to reap without giving them seeds? In the same respect, can you expect the same results from each individual student in a class to be the same when each of them has different social makeups, interests, experiences and learning speeds? The aims of good sociology, and in turn, education is the recognition that gender, class, race, ethnicity, sexuality and age all make a dramatic difference to how people access or fail to access, experience or fail to experience the benefits of†¦show more content†¦Continuing on from Marx’s idea of social stratification or division, Max Weber, a German sociologist proposed that instead of just two groups that society had progressed into four: the upper class, upp er middle class, lower middle class and the lower class. Christopher Scanlon of Melbourne’s La Trobe University believes that this is the more accurate representation of the current social class system found in Australia. While not agreeing entirely with Weber, Scanlon does think that the deprived remain distanced from the supposed ‘higher’ class, the bridge between the gap is found in those middle classes which now represents the majority of Australians (ABC Radio, 2014). Marx also pioneered the notion of ideology and the role it plays in the maintenance of social inequalities especially in schooling. Ideology in its simplest form is the controlling of beliefs by an authority, in this case, those of a higher socioeconomic status. According to Raewyn Connell et. al., ideology is used for and by â€Å"†¦those in power to maintain and reinforce their positions† (2013, pp. 82). An example of this reinforcement of control can be seen in Basil Bernstein’s Speech Codes Theory. Bernstein had a great interest in the sociolinguistic characteristics of people and how it reflected inShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Effective Teamwork in Organizations by Considering the Organizational Structure, Culture, Employees’ Motivational and Leadership Aspects.9709 Words   |  39 Pagesdistinction of being the first organization in the Swat Valley, which has received ISO 9001:2000 Quality Management is one of the famous and recognized IIC organization in Dubai received, UAE-based Arab countries and the Joint Accreditation System of Australia and New Zealand (JAS-ANZ) in 2007. Shaheen in recent years has initiated the implementation of the reform of the human resources in a structured way. Shaheen Pharmaceuticals successfully the process of human resources development at the beginningRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagesschools in the Boston area. The Foundation to date has awarded over $850,000 in grants to forty organizations that pursue initiatives in education and literacy. The views and opinions expressed in this book do not necessarily reflect those of Harvard Business School, and the references to the school throughout the book do not mean that the school endorses these views or opinions. ix Acknowledgments A huge credit is owed to five contributors from the Class of 2008 and Class of 2009 who helped sourceRead MoreSources of Ethics20199 Words   |  81 Pagesneighbour’s house. You shall not covet your neighbours wife, nor his male or female slave, nor his ox or ass, nor anything else that belongs to him. 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To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, IncRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagescentury (and whose recovery was among the slowest) seemed to rate highest in hard-asset terms compared with the many companies with a higher mix of soft-asset management strength, whose results were far better. Today’s pacesetter companies no longer view their management strength in those terms of an earlier day. In contrast to companies that emphasize hard assets, pacesetter companies emphasize a quality-of-management approach that is recognized and measured in terms of the know-how for relentlessly

The Growth Of A Country s Economy By David Hume And Adam...

Because inflation is one of the most crucial indexes for citizens and government to evaluate the overall performance of a country’s economy, it has been widely examined and analyzed by economists throughout history. Back in the 18th century, though the term â€Å"inflation† was not adopted by writers focusing on the science of economics yet, two influential thinkers in Europe already included their view about the cause and subsequent effect of a general rise in price for goods in their works. During the period when gold and silver were still the major types of money in circulation, David Hume and Adam Smith both described the ensuing effect in the society of an increase in the money supply: prices would be relatively higher and inflation would occur. While Hume writes mostly on the intermediate situation between the increase of money supply and the rise of price level, Smith focuses on the effect that inflation has on creditors and borrowers. The authors explain the pro cess and effect of inflation in two different ways and hold dissimilar attitude toward inflation. Although they both agree on the increase of species as the cause of inflation, Hume concentrates his investigation on the labor market and claims that inflation benefits the whole society in the short run while Smith considers price inflation from the perspective of finance and maintains that it leads to unfair redistribution of wealth. Even though Hume and Smith wrote at a time when fiat money already appeared as aShow MoreRelatedAdam Smith And Karl Marx1674 Words   |  7 PagesI. Adam Smith and Karl Marx Contemporary economics are best explained by comparing two foundational thinkers that have contributed to the better understanding of liberalism, one being its proponent Adam Smith and the other being its most significant critic, Karl Marx. 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Ethical Concerns and Meat Consumption in Australia

Question: Discuss about theEthical Concerns and Meat Consumption in Australia. Answer: Introduction The difference in beliefs about meat consumption has led to a complex meat paradox. While people find it palatable to consume meat, only a few take into consideration the pain animals endure. Loughnan, Haslam, and Bastian (2010) established that a stop in meat consumption is a negative phenomenon in the deeply rooted culture, especially in Australia. This essay finds the consumptions of meat an unethical practice because of moral concerns, the environmental impact, health issues, and poor meat quality, but also acknowledges the cultural concerns and the economic contributions. Moral Concerns Loughnan, Haslam, and Bastian (2010) argued that the consumption of meat had questionable moral concerns because of a violation of the animal rights. The cognitive dissonance theory helps in explaining how a change in attitude towards meat can foster humane care to animals. There have been images showing how people mishandle animals, especially during transportation. Live animal export is a major economic activity in Australia, and it accounts for almost 0.5% of the total exports from Australia (Kerkenezov 2014). However, the big concern is how these animals sadistically butchered alive in the Middle East and Northern Africa. Therefore, the moral obligation is to ensure that the receiving nations adhere to the animal welfare standards or the country must consider blocking live animal export. Probably, by stopping meat consumption, people can reason and understand the importance of animals to human survival. Singer (1975) also insisted that animals deserve care because they experience pain and harming them is immoral. Therefore, people should use their psychological thinking perspective to know that animals suffer when mishandled. Kerkenezov (2014) further raised concerns about live animal transport, which increases the level of stress because of the heat, susceptibility to unpreventable diseases, agonizing death, and exposure to unnecessary injuries. Environmental Impact The issue of food production and sustainability is a complex and multifactorial. The increase in human population is increasingly overpowering food production, which presents a complex challenge. However, in assessing the environmental impact of meat production Elferink, Nonhebel, and Moll (2008) reported that the effects are evident in the increased land use, greenhouse emission, soil erosion, and water depletion. Reports by Food and Agricultural Organization (2006) indicated that livestock keeping accounted for more than 70 per cent of arable land. Therefore, its expansion only affects other ecosystems because of deforestation to pave the way for grazing fields. The main concern is the inefficient use of land in meat production, which denies other vital activities a chance to use the land. It beats logic to grow cereals to feed animals for meat production rather than letting people consume the cereals directly (Garnett 2008). In Australia alone, land use for livestock keeping accou nts for 40 percent (Conant, Paustian, Elliott 2001) of the regions arable land, which makes it among regions to record the highest land disturbances. Modern farming practices, which advocate for the use of inorganic chemicals, have increased emission of nitrous oxide (Garnett 2008), which has increased the risk of global warming. The biggest argument in support of this statement is based on increased deforestation to pave the way for grazing fields and growth of feed crops. The whole meat industry chain is accountable for a substantial emission of greenhouse gas. For instance, slaughterhouses and packaging industries use chemicals to preserve and package the meat. Such wastes once emitted in the environment cause a great danger. Michaels and Knappenberger (1f996) made a recommendation to encourage people to reduce meat consumption to counter the increasing waste from the meat industry chain and minimize greenhouse effect. Livestock farming is among the largest consumers of water not only in Australia but also in the whole world. Therefore, such competition between animals and human beings for limited water leaves the government with little choices. The use of inorganic chemicals in animal farms often pollutes water bodies when the remnants get carried away during the rainy seasons. Therefore, fresh and clean water safe for consumption becomes a fairy tale. Therefore, it is unethical to eat meat if its chain contributes to all these environmental effects that have catastrophic ramifications Health Meat consumption contributes little to the nutrition grid. Most nutritionists recommend consumption of whole grains and cereals because they give a double amount of nutrients as compared to meat. Contemporary issues surrounding red meat seem to expose consumers to lifestyle diseases like cancer, obesity, cardiovascular complications, and diabetes among others. How many are willing to expose themselves to such fatal lifestyle diseases? Nobody. Even though there are recommendations that minimal consumption of meat and its products is good for the human health, the fact remains that it is a precursor for the said complications. Therefore, people should consider substituting their diets with cereals, green vegetables, and fruits, whose health benefits are multi-faceted. According to Hausen (2012), Australia ranks the highest in areas that recorded an increase in colorectal cancer since 1975 because of the beef-eating custom. Therefore, reduction in beef consumption is ethical because it saves people from deadly cancer and improves life expectancy. People should think beyond their customs and help the world in fighting the deadly lifestyle diseases that are simple to avoid, especially if other alternatives for food get special attention. Therefore, it is unethical to consume meat because the government ends up spending much money on medical services. The increase in cases of lifestyle diseases is straining most health care providers, who are incapacitated with the high number of patients. The health insurance service providers have increased the premiums because of uncertainties posed by the diseases. Quality Bindon and Jones (2001) reported that some consumers were unsatisfied with the quality of Australian beef regarding tenderness and flavor. The rearing practices or packaging designs may have an influence on the reduced quality. It is unethical to consume meat that does not adhere to set standards because it is poisonous to the human body. Consumers are left to ask themselves about beef freshness, the health records of the slaughtered animals. Large scale ranches leave the animals in the open and even let them roam in forests for a long time before coming to re-group them. Random roaming of animals opens room for diseases, which may not be realized because of the herds size. In some instances, Australians are consuming low-quality meat, and it is their choice to stop such exploitation. Economic Block However, there are other schools of thought that consider beef consumption ethical because it is an economic block. The increase in demand for beef products comes as a gift to farmers who get a guaranteed market for their products. Livestock keeping is a major activity in Australia, and most people see it as an ancient culture that must be preserved. However, they should note that the worlds beef consumption capacity is reducing as people direct their attention towards white meat, which they consider to have health benefits. The rigid prices for most products are discouraging people from purchasing as they go for substitutes, which serve the same purpose. The assumption that the beef industry chain is a sustainable economic block for Australia must change before reservists find themselves with products that lack customers. Cultural Concerns Even though there is tangible evidence that links beef to good nutrition, over consumption opens up for complications rather than sustaining good health. Lea and Worsley (2001) found that people who consume beef products lack knowledge about vegetarian eating. Alternatively, they perceive vegetarian eating as a habit of the poor. Being a cultural behavior, most Australians do not know how to prepare meat-free meals, which keeps them glued recipes they know best. The risks of sticking to such recipes are evident as discussed above, especially on health matters. Considered an ancient practice, most Australians have lived to associate and know the taste of meet more than any other food. Others claim that the land is not fit for arable agriculture and thus livestock keeping is the most favorable activity. Conclusion From the discussion above, it is evident that consumption of beef and its products is unethical. Even though the degree of severity differs among people, the most evident and constant global issues are explained. Therefore, it is unethical to support meat production if the processes of slaughtering and taking care of animals are questionable. There have been moral concerns especially in live animal transport, where much livestock have died on board because of heat stress and susceptibility to diseases. Sadistic Butchering especially in the Middle East has raised concerns about animal welfare and why Australia has to export animals to such countries. Other notable unethical issues include environmental pollution. The impact of greenhouse emission affects everyone, and as discussed, the meat industry accounts for a substantial amount of pollution along its chain. Health issues have become the most notable issues arising from meat consumption. Even though people have deeply rooted cultu ral beliefs in the benefits of meat and the economic contribution, they cannot outweigh the health problems. Escalation of the problem is affecting Australias population and life expectancy. For these reasons, meat consumption needs to stop to save the world from the growing problems. References Bindon, B. M. Jones, N. M. 2001, Cattle supply, production systems and markets for Australian beef, Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, vol. 41, pp. 861-877. Conant, R.T., Paustian, K. and Elliott, E.T. 2001, Grassland management and conversion into grassland: effects on soil carbon, Ecological Applications, vol.11, no.2, pp.343-355. Elferink, E.V., Nonhebel, S. and Moll, H.C. 2008, Feeding livestock food residue and the consequences for the environmental impact of meat, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 16, no. 12, pp.1227-1233. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) (2006). World Agriculture: Towards 2030/2050, FAO, Rome, viewed 13 October 2016 https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/esag/docs/Interim_report_AT2050web.pdf. Garnett, T. 2008. Cooking Up A Storm Food, greenhouse gas emissions and our changing climate, Food Climate Research Network, viewed 13 October 2016 https://www.fcrn.org.uk/sites/default/files/CuaS_web.pdf. Hausen, H. 2012, Red meat consumption and cancer: Reason to suspect involvement of bovine infectious factors in colorectal cancer, International Journal of Cancer, vol. 130, pp. 2475-2483. Kerkenezov, P. 2014, Live animal export is unethical, CVE Control Therapy Series, vol. 275, pp. 51-56. Lea, E. Worsley, A. 2001, Influence on meat consumption in Australia, Appetite, vol. 36, pp. 127-136. Loughnan, S., Haslam, N. Bastian, B. 2010, The role of meat consumption in the denial of moral status and mind to meat animals, Appetite, vol. 55, pp. 156-159. Michaels, P.J. and Knappenberger, P.C. 1996, The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the scientific consensus on global warming, Energy Environment, vol.7, no.4, pp.333-348. Singer, P. 1975, Animal liberation: A new ethics for our treatment of animals. Random House: New York.

Innovation and Sustainable Development - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theInnovation and Sustainable Development forCost Structure. Answer: Business model is quite confusing topic and often confused with the business strategy. Druckers definition was basically accumulation of some assumptions on what a business will and will not achieve in course of time and how they will achieve is closely related to the definition proposed by Michael Porter for the business strategy. Business model is considered to be the structure of a business. It is the structural framework that defines the plan and the procedure of making money (Ovans, 2015). In other words, it is the revenue generating model that can include various components of business organization such as product and service promotion, selling and many more. Discussion will be carried forward with highlighting different definitions of business model proposed by different scholars. The next part of the essay will be focusing on the explanation of e-business archetype, business model as an activity and business model ass cost revenue architecture and an explanation is given on t he their use as analytical and problem solving tools. The idea of business context is clarified in the final part of the essay drawing an example to support it. The concept of business model can be identified by various fields of application that are promising in business. The purpose of a business model is to identify the significant components of a business and focus o the process of revenue generation using them. This includes identification of profit potential, estimation of cost structure, identification of target market, value proposition of the company, prepare the structure of the value chain and choosing proper technology and feature. These are the vital factors of a business model which ensures the success of a business organization. It also looks into the customers demand and works towards the satisfaction of the need (Wirtz et al., 2016; Mishra Zachary, 2014). Business models that are used in various fields can be explained by seven high level abstractions. They are summed up under e-business archetypes. These are categorized under primary and secondary archetypes. Product, Trade and service archetypes are included in the primary archetype, whereas, marketplace, brokerage, subscription and ecosystem are identified as secondary archetypes. Development of a tangible artifact that are produced and sold on one-time base is looked after the product archetype. When discussing about the online market, is usually refers to the plug-in software for major platforms or the content products. Trade is another primary archetype that focuses on the connection between sellers and buyers. The company can generate revenue when the product is sold for a greater price than buying. Service is the last puzzle of primary archetype which is responsible for providing intangible solutions for both client and customers in the areas where commoditized products are in sufficient. This field often comprised of maintenance, customization or integration of popular platform solution. It is used by the companies that are related to service providing (Fielt, 2013). The first secondary archetype is the marketplace that is a combination of trade and product. It facilitates in bringing the seller and buyer together. By products, it refers to either physical shopping mall or the online portal like Amazon. Either services or tangible products are available in the marketplace. Brokerage is the second one which is a combination of trade and services done by the company on behalf of the clients. It is the service sector such as advertising or similar that helps the trading companies in online traffic sourcing. Subscription is a popular mixture of products and services. It is basically the service providing companies which offer software or content as service. It solves the problem of one time bulk investment for a product. Last but not the least; ecosystem is a combination of all the three primary archetypes. Success in a single primary archetype opens up opportunity for the company to evolve in the second one. Example can be sighted for the product cr eators whose success in the particular field leads them to provide services to the customers. The most common example that can be sighted in the scenario is the software industries like Microsoft, who follows this ecosystem archetype (Plenter et al., 2017). Activity system on the other hand facilitates the organizations to concert with their stakeholders and the partners. According to Zott, Amit and Massa (2011), it helps the business to create their value. The empirical and theoretical research states that, two possible sets of parameters are needed to be considered by the activity system designers at all time that are the elements which explain the architecture of an activity system and the theme that narrates the sources of the activity systems value creation. The authors view this model as the helping hand in analyzing any businesss code of conduct and explain how the factors are connected product markets. This model has the capability to address the important issues that are faced by the business management, engage in insightful dialogue and creative design and to provide a conceptual toolbox in addressing the problems (Zott, Amit Massa, 2011; Schwarz, Terrenghi Legner, 2017). The last one is the Business revenue architecture that facilitates in revenue generation of a company. Revenue architecture is directly linked with the business model in the grounds of marketing and sales. It is used for managing the technology department of a business. Different business organizations use this to align their marketing and sales value chain and drive revenue performance. Multi-affiliated revenue model brings together different technology, strategy, design and media and use them to face current market challenges. Buyers are considered to be the most effective challenge as they are now accustomed with the web and expect unified experience across challenge (DaSilva Trkman, 2014). The Business Context comes into action when it requires identifying various problems in the organizational settings and suggests the way to achieve betterment of the business. It is interested in the areas of a business where development is required or the modification can do well for the business. It enables the researcher to identify different aspect other than problems that are organization chart, relationship map, current state, future state and many more. They use different diagrams for the process of identification (Saidani, Rolland Nurcan, 2015). It ultimately facilitates in change of the business. The example of the company that is drawn to support the notion of change is Amazon who recently faced a change in value chain. They recently modified their supply chain. It is a U.S based company that operates in sell and supply of tangible goods to the customers. There was a change in Amazons partnership with their air freighter. It was due to the gap in view point of the company and its air freighters. The views of their partners like Fedex, UPS varied in delivery rhythms, shipping rates and volumes from Amazon. Due the above mentioned reason, Amazon has now collaborated with Atlas Air. Three types of relationships can be identified that supplements their collaboration. Firstly, Amazon took the planes from Atlas as lease, which makes Atlas the supplier and Amazon the customer. Amazon could have purchased some twenty planes in order to fully own the air freighter department which would have facilitated to fully control the transaction. But as they dont have the knowledge in the fiel d, it would have been foolishness for the manager to take such risk. This was a challenge the manager had to go through. Secondly, both the companies are willing to enter the opponent partners company. Lastly, Amazon has a scope of invest in Atlas and establish itself as a part of logistics market. All these benefits Amazon on the ground of gaining control over the supplier service and better serve their prime customers in fulfillment process (amazon.in, 2017). This modification results into change the value chain of the company which now better serve their vision. As they now gained access in Atlas, they can increase the number of the air freighter, which is the key to increase Amazons speed to deliver products to the customers. Moreover, Amazon owns a large number of shares of Atlas which gained them access to the core committee of the company which in some sense means they have their own air freighters. This results into more delivery of products in a single flight which reduces the budget of the company. This modification brought change in business model as they just modified themselves from marketplace to the ecosystem archetype which is discussed earlier. A conclusion can be drawn over the topic and it can be stated that different business needs different business model for it to work properly. There are seven e-business archetypes that can supplement different e-business into action. A brief discussion has been given on the theories and its use in analyzing different models. Last part of the essay discusses about the change in Amazons value change. It is also related with the previously mention archetype models. Brief idea has been provided on the companys current value chain and its impact on the business model is also stated. References amazon.in. (2017). Atlas collaboration. Retrieved 22 August 2017, from https://www.amazon.in/Collisions-Collaboration-Organization-Learning-Experiment/dp/0199567921 DaSilva, C. M., Trkman, P. (2014). Business model: what it is and what it is not.Long range planning,47(6), 379-389. Fielt, E. (2013). Conceptualising business models: Definitions, frameworks and classifications.Journal of Business Models,1(1), 85. Mishra, C. S., Zachary, R. K. (2014). Business Model Theory. InThe Theory of Entrepreneurship(pp. 227-250). Palgrave Macmillan US. Ovans, A. (2015). What is a business model.Retrieved July,5, 2016. Plenter, F., Fielt, E., Hoffen, M., Chasin, F. Rosemann, M., (2017). Repainting the business model canvas for peer-to-peer sharing and collaborative consumption. Saidani, O., Rolland, C. Nurcan, S., (2015), January. Towards a generic context model for BPM. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 4120-4129). IEEE. Schwarz, J., Terrenghi, N., Legner, C. (2017). Towards comparable business model concepts: resource description framework (RDF) schemas for semantic business model representations. InDesigning the Digital Transformation: DESRIST 2017 Research in Progress Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology. Karlsruhe, Germany. 30 May-1 Jun.. Karlsruher Institut fr Technologie (KIT). Wirtz, B.W., Pistoia, A., Ullrich, S. and Gttel, V., (2016). Business models: Origin, development and future research perspectives.Long Range Planning,49(1), pp.36-54. Zott, C., Amit, R. Massa, L., (2011). The business model: recent developments and future research.Journal of management,37(4), pp.1019-1042.