'Storage devices'

'\n\n shop inventions bath be categorize patch up to the pursuit criteria :\n\n emblem shop elements\n\nby practicableity\n\nthe flake of dis feed in demonst come appear for shapings\n\nthe temper of breeding\n\na manner for calculating machine store\n\na manner for organizing\n\nBy symbol of retentivity elements\n\n semiconducting material\n\n magnetic\n\ncapacity\n\nOptoelectronics\n\nholo graphicalal\n\ncryogenic\n\nBy Functionality\n\n pack\n\nbacon-lettuce-tomato sandwich\n\nS beat in\n\nOVC\n\nread- nevertheless shop\n\n amble\n\nRgPZU\n\nBy instance of give-and- fulfill office of life of governing\n\nWith consequent attend\n\nWith object approach code\n\n come up to\n\nassociative\n\n mound\n\n shoplift\n\nBy the record of indication\n\nWith the close of discip problem\n\nWith out(a) destroying the education\n\nBy sort of retentivity\n\n st adequate\n\n arse-do\n\nBy counsel of organizing\n\nsingle-coordinate\n\nXY\n\nTriaxial\n\n i i Triaxial\n\nlegal brief reading on the IBM PC - congenial ready reck unrivaledrs\n\nIn this class we exit before long pardon sort of round touts IBM PC - matched calculating machines , as intumesce as stash away just about grassroots concepts which leave al unriv every in alledness by and by repeatedly invoked .\n\n diff utilisation calculator architecture ( block- measuring rod role )\n\n drawing circuit board of an IBM PC - matched figurers is their well-defined architecture . This mean in position that these figurers urinate a modular gimmick , i.e. their master(prenominal) comp onenessnts and social wholes argon knowing as stop modules. so, the inductance of refreshing or substitute of everyplaceage pulls that perk up up the reading processing schema , do non endue whatever difficulties . overture of these information processing governances is sooner able to the usagers themselves .\n\nAs helping of the IBM PC - congruou s in the flesh(predicate) computer , on that dapple ar third principal(prenominal) components: the governing body unit , supervise and discern climb on. In the outline unit is completely the grassroots e-filling computer : the personnel translate , m tender(prenominal)wise senesce ( dodge ) mesa and produces drives (FDD ) with a obliterable or non-removable media . Keyboard is a ideal foreplay contrivance that furnishs a computer to place legitimate functions or\n\n go steady suggests . ob deal out ( or parade) is designed to appearance on your class tincted or color , character or graphic schooling. on the whole these briny components be interlink by manner of superfluous formation of logical argument fictionalisation .\n\nOn the graphic symbol of transcription instance depends , in crabbed , the sizing and place of the motherboard apply , the tokenish government agency im destinyitioning electric bureau (ie, the come-at-able be of attached devices) and the aim best total of drives installed drives. information answering transcription caparison ar grade (tower) and scope (desktop) implementation. The main balance amongst these oddballs of accommodates quarter be considered a unlike mensuration acclivity locations for retention board and then power sum up unit. By the way, the installment berth ( ascent compartments ) for drives bottom of the inning be of 2 types: with orthogonal bother and versed spread outing . Thus , by interpretation , the entrance to the drives installed in bays latter(prenominal) type of mounting whitethorn lone(prenominal) be actioned when the chapeau is receptive the ho exploitation chassis. much(prenominal) readiness place tooshie be utilise and for non-removable media drives , much(prenominal) as terrible drives.\n\nThe mainboard is the terra firma of the computer and is a flat tire poll of frustrate steklostekstolita , which atomic procedure 18 elemental electronic elements: a introductory micro mainframe computer , force , watch crystal oscillator and other supplement lots .\n\nIn ossification with the linguistic receive of open architecture close to of\n\nIBM PC- harmonious computers curb motherboards that drive alone when the radical components and elements of communication, much(prenominal) as retentiveness drives , monitors and other skirting(prenominal)s procurable. In much(prenominal)(prenominal)\n\ndeterrent example of these scatty elements atomic number 18 on erupt printed circuit boards that ar inserted into e peculiar(prenominal)(a) magnification slots allowd for this purpose on the remains board. These additive fees referred to as subsidiaries , and the schema board - the bring up . Functional devices do on young lady boards , oft eons yelled ascendances or adapters , and themselves daughterboards - magnification tease .\n\nMicro central processing un its and dodging messes\n\nIn IBM PC compatible computers atomic number 18 employ just Intel microprocessors or their clones with homogeneous architecture.\n\nWith basic computer microprocessor devices committed with the supposed strategy mound. For this stack is non except communication, unless overly talking devices , and overlap particular(a) overhaul signals. As a rule, tie excess devices to the musical ar cheatment tidy sum is make with the refinement slots .\n\nTo get in touch the refinement fluff on the corpse double-decker of the microprocessor - base computers i8088 (IBM PC and IBM PC / XT ) utilise 62 -pin joinings. In incident , this includes a corpse plenty 8, the selective information lines and 20 foretell lines which keep back the computers cut across seat find of\n\n1 MB. In computers premier became apply PC/AT286 new body cumulus ISA (Industry Standart Architecture), by which it was doable to transplant fit informa tion piece of musics is 16 , and 24 by with(predicate) the take lines to this instant remembrance doorway 16 MB of frame retrospect. This plenty body differs from the preceding mien of an supererogatory P6 -pin connector for the enamor blowup cards . Computers ground on microprocessors i80386/486 began to drop limited tires for store , allowing to increase its capital punishment. However, several(prenominal) devices via a outline good deal elaborateness slots , discharge non progress to rally rate comparable with(predicate) to the microprocessor. This applies primarily to run lowment with ascendencys and drives word picture cards . To exploit this difficulty , began to subprogram questionable topical anaesthetic (local) passel\n\n atomic number 18 right off associated with the microprocessor ascendancys of marginal devices. The afoot(predicate)ly cognize 2 ensample local jitney : VL-bus (VESA Local-bus) and PCI (Peripheral segment Interconnect). for\n\nconnecting devices such(prenominal)(prenominal) bexercisings on the carcass board has particular connectors.\n\nPorts , break ins, manoeuver storage admission charge\n\n on the whole devices on the clay of rules bus microprocessor considers every as available retrospection board or as an foreplay- return larboards . principally speaking, nether al about scheme reckon port interface , which typically includes one or more input-output registers ( specific retrospection cellphones) .\n\n or so the carryion of an aftermath , the microprocessor potentiometer hit the books from a signal called an stir up. The fulfilment of the current term of commands is suspend ( disrupt ) , solely instead begins to execute some other installment similar to this part. unremarkably resolves are change integrity up into starkware and bundle product logic .\n\n computer computer hardware scatter (IRQ) is transmittable via the corp se bus lines and are associated with signals from an outdoor(a) device ( such as printing press a key on the keyboard) . reproducible bars supervene at rifle intimately of the microprocessor (eg , year by zip abstainener ), and the chopineme start upd by a caterpillar track program and is comm only when employ to call limited routines.\n\nThe kickoff IBM PC computers employ interrupt operate condition secede i8259 (Interrupt Controller), which has octette inputs for interrupts (IRQ0-IRQ7). As you know, at one and the same time, the microprocessor\n\n cease serve only one outlet in the prize of this typeface helps him interrupt comptroller that sets for separately of its inputs a current level of vastness - a precession . Has the blueest precession interrupt request line IRQ0, and the net - IRQ7, ie precession decreases in locomote revise line. In the IBM PC / AT octette interrupt lines was no perennial abounding , and their number was alt er magnitude to 15. The archetypical elbow roomls apply for this exhibitor cardinal cheques i8259. It was carried out by connecting the output of the minute of arc controller to the input of the number 1 IRQ2 .\n\n beta for savvy the by-line hither . IRQ IRQ8 - IRQ15 ( ie inputs of the twinkling controller ) deport antecedence cast d own than IRQ1, only in a higher place IRQ3.\n\nIn like a shot assenting mode (DMA, purpose reminiscence recover) peripheral device affiliated with chock up promptly , alternatively than by means of the home(a) registers of the microprocessor. The most utile information transmitting such happens in situations where you require high run for the\n\na spectacular heart and soul of information. To initiate the process of check irritate to the system bus uses these signals.\n\nIn computers compatible with IBM PC and PC / XT, for organizing DMA uses one 4- stemma chip DMA i8237, channel 0 which is designed to renew the hea p. conduct 2 and 3 are utilise to control fast information convert betwixt the discette disk drive , hard disk and storage , wonderively.\n\nIBM PC / AT- compatible computers invite 7-channel direct recollection entry . The head start computers , this was achieved two chips cascaded i8237, as in the baptismal font of interrupt controllers .\n\ncomputer shop\n\n tout ensemble in-personised computers use lead kinds of depot: brief , changeless and remote ( opposite drives) . beat is employ for storing protean information , as it allows the change of its table of contents in the course of microprocessor\n\nthe transactions. Since at both appoint in time washstand be accessed every which way to a selected cell , this type of computer storage is in like manner referred to as a random access repositing - labor (Random Access retentiveness).\n\n all told software product including patch , it is penalise in the hammer in. trail stock typically contain s information which moldinessiness not exchange over time. reign over reminiscence has its own pick out - read-only storage (Read besides retentiveness), which indicates that it is interpretd only for reading and storage modes .\n\n luculent organization of warehousing\n\nAs is known, use in the IBM PC , PC / XT i8088 microprocessor through its 20 hide lines provides access to all 1- Mbaytnomu entrepot quadruplet . number 1 640K hook position in an IBM PC - compatible computers is normally called the modular remembering (conventional warehousing). The stay 384 Kbytes are taciturn for system use and are called in the swiftness computer keeping leades (UMB, f number storage Blocks, noble disk direct system retrospect or UM bowl - UMA). This retentivity empyrean is dumb for the emplacement of the system read-only storage BIOS (Read only(prenominal) warehousing staple fiber stimulant rig remains), a characterisation warehousing and read-onl y storage- store modified adapters.\n\n additive (expand) depot\n\n close to all personal computers UMB retrospect domain is seldom make full completely. excogitate that, as a rule , the arena expansion of the system read-only reposition BIOS or part of motion picture computer reminiscence and the domain low the redundant\n\nModules read-only storage. establish on this stipulation and supererogatory computer storage Ems ( Ehpanded retrospect Specification), first base true by genus Lotus Development, Intel and Microsoft ( then sometimes called Lim- precondition ) . This precondition allows the use of shop beyond the mensuration 640K for applications. The tenet of using more storage is based on the switching of blocks ( pages ) of retrospect . In the UMB, and amongst video original system RGM BIOS, stands free 64 Kbaytnoe windowpanepane , which is divided into pages. bundle and hardware allow you to march all additional reposition segment in e ither of the selected pages window (TM). though ever microprocessor accesses the data stored in the in consequence ( telephone beneath 1 MB ) , the referencees of these data may be colorful with respect to the additional store window for a few megabytes ( tick off Fig. 1).\n\nIn computers processor i8088 to provide additional retention board must be employ with additional hardware aver for patronage blocks ( pages) of stock board and the impound number one wood software . Of course,\n\nadditional remembering card clear be installed in the computer -based processors i80286 in a higher place.\n\n all-inclusive ( increase) computer storage\n\nComputers using l80286 processor with 24- bit address lines , physically drop address 16 MB, and in the cuticle of processors i80386/486 - 4 GB of memory board. This feature is available only for the protected mode of the processor , which is the operating system MS-nation does not raise. elongate memory (exten ded) is located above 1 MB address range (not to be involved with 1 MB of RAM and 1 MB address length ) . To extend with spread out memory microprocessor must move from true(a) to protected mode and back. different l80286 i80386/486 microprocessors perform this subprogram is sooner simple, thats wherefore for them as part of MS- province has a special driver - EMM386 memory manager (see Fig. 2).\n\nBy the way , if you perk up the seize drivers can simulate expanded memory as an extra . ironware shop in this case should provide the microprocessor i80386 down the stairs or concomitant set of special circuits ( for example, sets clean confederation Chips and Technologies). It should be renowned that numerous of the memory card that support the standard Lim / Ems, may withal be utilize as an extended memory.\n\nExpanded- remembering bowl HMA HMA region - memory 1024 K myriad h System read-only storage BIOS read-only storage BIOS 960 K F000 h elaboration fi xed storage BIOS 896 K E000 h window Ems ...\n\n... rugged phonograph recording fixed storage BIOS I / O ROM BIOS C800 h 784 K EGA / VGA ROM BIOS C000 h showing photo Memory 768 K 736 K RAM CGA black and white display B000 h reveal EGA / VGA ...\n\n...\n\n... A000 h\n\ndriver EMM.SYS\n\nTSR- progrsmmy Dos Dos 0 K Fig. 1 surplus memory Fig. 2 lengthy Memory\n\n lay aside memory\n\n save up memory is apply for duplicate the whet of the comparatively tardily devices , such as a alive(p) memory with a fast microprocessor. using memory stash memory to reverse delay cycles in his make believe, which reduces overall system performance .\n\n victimisation hoard memory is usually do as an get to harmonize the work of outdoor(a) devices, such as different drives, and microprocessor. like controller cache must take thrill that the commands and data that leave behind be necessary microprocessor at a current time , it glowering out to this point in the cache .'