The Innovation of the iPod Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Innovation of the iPod - Case Study Example measure and execution are everything. Being first in an emerging market is neither as significant nor can be as lucrative as designing the right harvest-tides and services to cater to second- and third-stage harvest-festival .A smart comp whatever commands a premium for successfully blending off-the-shelf technologies into a new and utilizable product. Essentially, the iPod is a portable hard drive (in the Shuffle and Nano models, a flash drive) hidden inside a simple and beautiful enclosure, accessed through intuitive menus, buttons and a scroll wheel .separately, these parts were forgettable, but unneurotic they became unforgettable, Instead of creating a good product and knocking down the price until everyone could afford it, Apple has exchange stripped-down versions at lower price points and hoped demand would follow. This strategy helped create Apples bestselling music player, the bipod Mini.The development of the iPod is co nsiderably reminiscent of the complex task of an entrepreneur who has to take all the monetary and intrinsic risks which leave in the end bring him success or failure in the cruel world of technology and innovation. (CNN Money 2005,Collingwood, H. 2005)As outlying(prenominal) back as in the year 2005 financial forecasters were predicting that the stock price of Apple Computer, Inc.had witnessed an augment of near 6 times its original size . (CNN Money 2005,Collingwood, H. 2005)All this success can be attributed to the iPod digital music player which was introduced only a few years ago and has met unmatched success than any of its contemporary products and thus is an excellent study model in the field of entrepreneurship and innovation.The product itself has accelerated the ontogenesis of Apples digital music player market in the USA and has helped Apple increase its third-quarter sales to increase by 75 per cent within a single year. (CNN Money 2005,Collingwood, H. 2005)This s uccess is puzzling for roughly critics in the sense that when originally introduced the iPod was neither the first digital music player, nor initially compatible with the bulk of personal computers ( it was only compatible with Apples own Macintosh computers, which only had a 4% market dish out of US computer sales). (CNN Money 2005,Collingwood, H. 2005)Before going on to discuss the success story of the iPod entrepreneurship it is price reviewing what Product innovation entails for the entrepreneurial success. The concept of product innovation pertains to the whole process of bringing a new product or service to the market and which include the stages of product conceptualization, design and development. (Dyson, J.1997) More importantly there will be a need to improve upon the conceptions of production and distribution of the new product. (Dyson, J.1997) As the name suggests that the innovation pertains to the something new in terms technology and creativity .The innovation proc ess will involve the activity of people and organisations who will be able to change themselves and the environment. (Dyson, J.1997).One of the most brilliant examples of product innovation comes from IBM which has become popular for successfully transforming itself from a provider of hardware-based products to more software-based services .

Service quality and customer's satisfaction in academic libraries Essay

avail eccentric and customers delight in donnishian libraries - Essay ExampleA real library contains these along with various instructional and access tools and a high select customer proceeds. In a library, the fundamental goal of a librarian is to grow sure that the service provided is consistent with the mission of the institution of which library forms a part. Service flavour of academic libraries Past and express Service quality of an academic library is a measure of the customer triumph and the extent to which customers feel that their expectations have meet met by the service given. Calculation and man get on withment of the customer mirth has remained a usual practice in for-profit sector for long. The assessment of service quality in the present age finds its roots in the same old trend of standard of customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction has frequently undergone many changes in the last four decades as a judgment. According to Crosby (1993), the contemp orary concept of service quality is significantly influenced by all the approaches made to it in that past that include the sixties corporate image studies and the 1980s total quality approach adopted by many economies in the West. The corporate image studies formed the very initial stage of calculation of customer satisfaction that emerged in the 1960s. The image surveys included questions about customer satisfaction and customers views about the quality of service given. These questions investigated the progressiveness and the telephoners level of engagement with the community. In the later half of the 1960s, the commencement of studies about the product quality emerged as the second stage of customer satisfaction measurement. A satisfaction index resulted from the adequacy-importance model which served as the cardinal means of measurement of the customer satisfaction, and played an important role in defining the attitudes of the customers. A revolution in the customer satisfact ion measurement occurred in the 1980s when the American automobile lineage increased manifolds in competition and many syndicated studies were made. The measurement of customer satisfaction in the contemporary age is quite similar to the trend introduced in the 1980s. The businesses turned to customer satisfaction as a measurement of their quality of service rather and the process of assessment became more intangible. The Gaps Model of Service Quality Parasuraman, pluck and Zeithaml (1985) formed a research group to measure the customer satisfaction using the Gaps Model of Service Quality. The Gaps Model made a totally new approach to the measurement of customer satisfaction by determining the pastes between the expectations of customers and their views regarding the quality of service. In this model, customers establish their expectations, as well as the lowest quality of service that would be acceptable to them. Then once the service has been delivered, the customer explains ho w he thinks about the quality of service he/she was delivered. The equation, thus, goes as follows Perceived service quality expected service quality = gap in service quality. According to Hernon and Nitecki (2001), there are four basic perspectives that define the quality of service namely, excellence, value, compliance with specifications, and achievement of expectations. It is the fourth perspective

Short story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Short story - Essay voiceHe recently got a job and he wants to be on his own. He has been sick with his conveys constant nagging. He does not like to be exasperated by a troops who acts like a woman and talks more than his mother might devote done if she were alive. His produce has been a widower since he was ten and he never remarried because he said he needs to be the mother and father to Greg. He seemed more like a mother to him though and that was what Greg scorned most. He did not like his extra care. He was quite possessive and perceived him like he was a helpless girl who does not know how to defend himself. His father has always been there for him and he got sick of him. He now has his opportunity of a lifetime.He will be just a few miles away but they both know that Greg has no plans of visiting his father for a yen time. He clearly pointed out that he will be sending his dad monthly allowances and pabulum supplies. His father started to talk but Greg was already fee ling exhausted with their conversation. He glanced at his watch without in reality checking the time and he said, I must go. I still have a long start to make. His father forced a sweet smile and blessed his son. I love you, son, his father said and Greg just nodded. He hurriedly went to his car and drove like someone was chasing him. On his way, he felt sorry for his dad but at the same time, he felt excited that he will now be on his own.Arriving at Gregs new place, he unhurriedly unpacked his things. A few minutes later, he discovered he has forgotten his documents at his fathers house. He is going to need them when he starts with his work so he has to return for it. He decided to bring forth it the following day.Back at his fathers house, Greg found the place surprisingly quiet. He be after he will simply go to his room, retrieve what he needed and will not have to look for his father if he is not home. He noiselessly crept up the stairs then he heard a whimpering cry from t he

Effects of air and water pollution Research Paper

Effects of aerate and weewee contaminant - Research Paper ExampleAs the world urbanization and industrialization occur at a rapid rate, so does environmental taint involving spread and water quality pollution occur. Large amounts of potentially harmful emissions from industries around the globe find their way in to the atmosphere every single day. Likewise, millions of tonnes of wastewaters containing potentially harmful pollutants find their way into water bodies and underground water aquifers. Several bodies have been initiated with the main force back of conserving environment. Some of these bodies in clued NEMA, Centre for Sustainable Development and others. In their efforts to conserve mainly communicate and water pollution, they have set by-laws in conjunction with countries municipalities to bid those involved (Reitze 13). Despite these continued endeavours, water and railway line pollutions increases each day. In fact, research shows that as technology changes, the p ollution increases consequently increasing the effects (Hill 20). This report discusses in depth the effects of lineage and water pollution to people resulting form environmental and technological changes. Poor air quality affects human health, damages crop and animal life, and degrades fragile ecosystems. The severity and restore depends on the quantity and concentration of pollutants, the duration of exposure and the susceptibility of the sensitive receptors. Inevitable is the impact of air pollution on human health. Never the less, equal attention is necessary for all other receptors that implicate the ecological and the built environments, besides human health. One of the generally recognized effects of air pollution is ill health and death. Although natural processes cause air pollution, manmade causes are the most prevalent and harmful causes (Gillespie 145). Manmade causes of air pollution include power generation activities, industrial production processes and the autom obile activities. Tobacco smoking, combustion of unfluctuating fuels like wood, coal and charcoal, which theater of operationsh rare commonly use for cooking and warming houses are the leading causes of indoor(prenominal) air quality pollution (Reitze 45). Other sources of indoor air pollutants include paints, cleaning agents, detergents, pesticides, home appliances piece of furniture and air conditioning systems cause significant chemical and biological indoor air pollution. Combustion of fossil fuels is the leading source of air pollution, since it contains such pollutants like sulphur dioxide, fine particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, light speed monoxide, ozone and volatile organic matter, all of which have profound adverse effects on humans (Chiras 52). health effects of air pollution range from chronic effects to acute effects. Among these, are minor optic irritations, irritations on the upper respiratory system, chronic respiratory illnesses, lung cancer, heart proble ms and deaths resulting from suffocation and exposure to noxious gases in the air. Bronchitis in adults and acute respiratory problems resulting to chocking and suffocation in children are common effects of air pollution (Gillespie 108). For people with pre-existing lung and heart conditions, air pollution is a major cause of worsening conditions. For instance, among the asthmatics, air pollution increases the frequency and severity of attack, and accounts for many deaths among people with heart conditions (Harrop 52). Overall, long-term and short-term exposure to air pollutants lead to reduced life expectancies and premature deaths. The impact of air pollution on humans depends on the concentration of the pollutant, its type, duration and concentration of exposure, and individual vulnerability to lethal exposures. Predisposing factors like poverty, age both old age and infants, and pre-existing health complications put people in increased danger of poisoning and near effects of ai r pollution. For instance, poor urban communities usually reside in poorly ventilated house congested in small slum sharks, and more likely to use dirty fossil and biomass fuels.

Assigment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Assigment - Assignment Example drug abuse of fibre optics or any other swift data transfer model is highly commensurate to ensure instant transmission of signals following butt at every processor unit.The databases and the communications facilities should be configured to entail majorly two notable configurations that include a centralized configuration and parallel organisation. centralized database configuration enables the clients to bank at any point of the stated 11 branches. Centralization of the activities aims considering every military action undertaken in every clients respective bank account. It aims at minimisation of errors or failures which may see the bank lose huge chunks of money to the surrounding. All the processes of withdrawing cash from the branches should effectively be urbane at one central point, and it should lead to updating of the clients database effectively. The deposits of cash, remuneration or pay of customer bills and deposits of checks can as well be undertaken on the mainframe.Secondly, the databases and data communications facilities at premier State Bank should be configured to allow for the parallel database that aims at creating a parallel touch on and thus avail two main important halalties. The main properties include high speed up and subsequent excellent scale up qualities. Parallel database allows for the sharing various peripherals that would equally allow for self-regulating teller machines process and checking process or even saving accounts. By coordination other branches PCs, all the process are amply undertaken without much difficulty (Hall & Hall, 2011).In conclusion, the centralized database configuration with inherent entailed parallel database will highly allow for the highest levels of intended high speed client service by the system. In proper combination with hardware and software updated systems, there will be excellent improvement in the system output in terms of processing speed and relay s peed.Systems

Evolution of the internet and the impacts on travel agencies Assignment

Evolution of the internet and the impacts on travel agencies - Assignment ExampleIn the essay Evolution of the net profit and the impacts on Travel Agencies outlines how Internet changed the way how travel agencies work. For instance, now customers croup directly access the internet sites and can book the tickets within a quick period of time.There be several negative impacts of the evolution of information engine room on the travel agencies too. Third party cost is the major business barrier of several airlines, hotels, and restaurants. Therefore, the organizations had to give in a commission rate to these travel agents. These activities automatically increase the business operation cost. Nowadays, people can book their tickets on their own through online networking sites without any kind of help of third parties. The implementation of online strategies helped the organizations and customers in several ways. It can reduce the business operation cost for the organizations. The travel agents can get, store and volunteer a large number of data and information. On the other hand, implementation of online ticketing strategies helps the organizations to reduce third-party booking cost so that they can provide low fare tickets to the customers. People of several developed countries generally privilege online booking of tickets and leisure facilities. It is true that US is technologically developed country. Recent financial crisis and economic box affected the global economic environment. Low disposable income of people and limited purchasing power are the major consequences of this economic slowdown. Earlier, during the Brick-and-mortar age organizations had to effectively rely upon the third party business partners in say to increase their sales margin. On the other hand, customers also had to depend upon these third party individuals to book

Introduction to Political Science Quiz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to Political Science Quiz - Essay physical exertionThis was manifest in Egypt during the week that preceded the resignation of the countrys president Hosni Mubarak, whereby the entire rate of the manipulation of social networks in eliminating poor leadership reached fever pitch.The Cold War began shortly after the beingness War II 1945 to around 1965. The fatal attack on Russia by Germany, which swayed the Italians to support the Allies, coupled by American intervention improved the Allies military strength shortly before 1945. The Germans and Japanese were deterred from pickings territorial treasures and natural resources in Europe and Asia. The death of Adolf Hitler in 1945 signaled truce in Europe. Germany was attacked by the American Russian troops from the west and East respectively, defeating the Germans. Then quiet hostility became apparent again, the only habitual source of awe being the likely use of nuclear weapons. This fermented anxiety and dislike for co mbat, thus incite the coining of the expression Cold War to refer to the situation (Fukuyama 321-362).The United States stood for capitalism, while the arch-rival Soviet Union favorite(a) Communism, however after the disintegration of the latter power, capitalism became the government system preferred by the international hegemonic US. This jostling for political influence saw division of the entire Europe and Asia, with regional states either accept or being coerced into accepting one side. The concept of global hegemony was based on several local anaesthetic and global issues such as military alliances, political half truths, jostling for armaments, intelligence and growth of technology, in particular the kind that would give a country a destructive edge between the US and the Soviet Union (Weinert 5-25).3. Professor Fukuyama strives to depict the origins of political development from Chinese, Indian and Muslim history as headspring as the rise of the Mongols and the Ottoma n Empire. Differentiate

The basic guidelines that are specially relevant for aggressive equity Essay

The basic guidelines that are specially relevant for aggressive honor investors and conservative equity investors for investment finality - Essay ExampleIn the need to understand these investment plans, this paper is aimed at evaluating the basic guidelines that are relevant for aggressive equity investors and conservative equity investors for the purpose of decision making.To get under ones skin with, aggressive equality investors actively play the game of equality in a vigorous way. close to of the time is spent in managing their portfolio than their consecutive counterparts. They are subjected to high risks the calculations are in albeit manner aimed at earning big return rates (Chandra, 2009). For the aggressive equality investors, the following general guidelines are relevant in their investment plans for appropriate decision making.The first guideline is to focus on investments that one understands to play their throw game. According to Prasanna Chandra (2009, p. 670), an investor should always know about the specific company they are investing in, more than the received market does in order to successfully manage their investments. Therefore, an investor must clearly make a decision on what to focus on. Therefore, decision making is the main key to successful investments. The choices of making decisions are diverse. They take on deciding to concentrate on growth, value, multinational companies, small companies, public sector companies, high grade bonds, or low grade bonds. In choosing any of these strategies an investor should be mindful of the basic rules. These rules include being thorough, ruffian minded, being flexible in knowing the deal about any company one is buying into, and buying when the company is not understood by the existing market is a fundamental topic to keep in mind (Chandra, 2009).As argued by Candara, one should play the game that one is outmatch in, advocating that an investor should do things as an analyst who is best in doing something. For instance, if an investor can foretell the most important exploitation in the

AIG Accounting Scandal Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

AIG Accounting Scandal - Case Study display caseEstablished in 1921 it had its headquarters in Connecticut. Warren Buffets Berkshire Hathaway owned the company. The company was ranoriginally RonaldFerguson until his retirement in 2002. In 2007, the premium written was over six billion U.S dollars(Schonfeld 2006).One of the participants involved In the AIG demise was Hank Greenburg. He was born in 1925, admitted to the New York bar in 1953, joinedAIG in 1962and named chief operating officer in 1968(Young, 2009). He ranAIG for 38 years before stepping down in March 21 2005(Young, 2009). Another participant was Ron Ferguson. He was the CEO of Gen Re He was bornin 1942(Young, 2009). He was a fellow of CAS ad co-developed the B-F method. He joined Gen Re in 1966 and was CEO in 1987. Later, in 1998, Berkshire HathawayassimilatedGen Re. Helater retired in 2002(Young, 2009).Others include Christopher Garad, FCAS. He was Gen Res Senior transgression president and Chief Underwriter of finite reinsurance in the U.S from 1994 to 2005. Elizabeth Monrad, CPA. She was the CFO of Gen Re as from 2000 to 2003. Robert graham, JD. He was SVP and benefactor general counsel at Gen Re until 2005 (Young, 2009). Christian Milton. He was the VP of AIGs reinsurance until 2005. RichardNapier was the SVP accountable for Gen Re affiliation with AIG. ass Houldswoth was the CEO of Cologne Re Dublin CRD.Eliot Spitzer, JD was born in 1959. He was a former attorney general of New York. During his time as an attorney general, he had some outstandingprosecutions including the mutual fund scandals that was in 2003, the insurer bid rigging, in 2004 and AIG accounting scandal, in 2005. He elected governor of New York in 2006(Young, 2009).In 2001, the S.E.C learned that AIG has aided a customer company in strengthening its balance cruise through a bogus insurance transaction.

Drug Trafficking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Drug Trafficking - Essay ExampleAlthough the U.S. forces tend to patrol this vast area, they rely heavily on international partnerships in closely coordinating enforcement operations on with the interdict forces of the majority of Western Hemisphere, as well as European nations so as to verge medicine traffickers with the utilization of air and maritime routes. This interdiction takes a team effort thereby relying on the successful execution of a number of steps within an interdiction continuum, comprising of the collection, as well as dissemination of exploitable intelligence, the recognition and monitoring of suspicious watercrafts, along with the tangible interdiction of those vessels. The objective of the national interdiction according to the National Drug Control Strategy has succeeded in creating a removal rate of active 40% of the documented cocaine flow whose destination is the United States through FY2015. Although this is a significant development, a lot needs to be d peerless concerning the interdiction of cocaine. Typically, within the eastern Pacific, there are fish vessels transporting multiton cargos of cocaine leave Colombian, as well as Ecuadorian Pacific brim ports through to the oral communication points via the Central American or even the Mexican coast. Within the Caribbean, there are high-speed go-fast vessels, transporting non less than two metric tons of cocaine at a time, depart from the north coast of Colombia headed to delivery points within the eastern Caribbean or enfolded the Central American coastline within their track north to destinations along the Central American, as well as Mexican coastlines. As a result, a fishing vessel operation is capable of lasting nearly six weeks, whereas go-fast operations go on normally for one or two days. Throughout the past few years, there has been a rise in the beat of go-fast boats engaged in smuggling such craft happen to be small, very fast, almost invisible to radar, as well as hard to see within daylight. To counteract the go-fast risk, the U.S. Coast Guard has purchased unseasoned equipment while developing capabilities in using armed helicopters, over-the-horizon cutter boats, along with non-lethal vessel-stopping technologies. On the other hand, drug traffickers tend to use latest and innovative techniques in transporting drugs to the United States, involving the development, together with an enhancement of low-profile, completely- submersible and totally submersible vessels. The quality of production, together with operational abilities of these vessels gives traffickers the opportunity of moving more products with superior stealth. These vessels are capable of travelling long distances with no support thereby permitting traffickers superior flexibility when planning possible drop locations.2 interdict is and must carry on being a vital constituent of the National strategy, as an appendix to other approaches in reducing drug supply. As a result, a ny analysis defining success within the area of interdiction as arresting all, or almost all, smuggled drugs tends to be unrealistic, as well as counter-productive. To the degree that is an exceptionally costly method additional expenditures should be weighed particularly keenly, especially if they have the impact of reducing funds present for other efforts in reducing supply and demand. Nonetheless, there is the upgrading of the interdiction efforts made devoid of any noteworthy increase in funding. The most significant fate in the interdiction field happens to be leadership. In order to pursue effective and expeditious innovation, as well as increased commitment, both through foreign governments, together with private agencies, a

Impact of the Internet on a Small Business Research Paper

Impact of the Internet on a Small Business - Research Paper ExampleToday a business without the pulmonary tuberculosis of the computing power of a computer, or the use of the cyberspace, is sure to be left behind and develop very quickly. Competition in the business world is fierce and business is all about market and who passel reach the consumer first. Todays computers and net income play a vital role in accomplishing this task. It is impossible for modern business groups to think about a world without internet at present. This was non the case a mere twenty years ago when the internet was in its infancy. Irrespective of long home, medium scale or atomic scale, all types of businesses be highly dependent on internet think technologies in todays perspectives. Through the internet, a business of either size can compete in the global marketplace. In fact, on the internet, the size of an organizations operation makes little difference because the internet is an open enviro nment. Similar companies compete against one another while being only a ticktock of the mouse away. In other words, a buyer can locate numerous sellers hitering akin(predicate) merchandise, similar prices and similar offers in a very short time period. As more tribe and businesses become comfortable with the internet, the marketing landscape will continue to evolve quickly in the plan of attack years (The Influence of Internet on Modern Business, 2009). The arrival of internet related technologies helped petty scale industries immensely. The internet lent a hand in small companies competing on a global level. This in give care manner factored in a small business growing into great proportions at incredible speeds never experience in history ever before. Many of the traditional business concepts were given way for internet related business strategies because of the arrival of computers and internet. For example, internet helped the business world to convert many of the offli ne market spaces into online market spaces. Moreover, outsourcing, off shoring like modern business principles were evolved out because of the developments in internet related technologies. Since a family could outsource, so easy is it to have its down fall, on many Americans who loose there job to abroad areas that had cheaper labour and less taxes. We can see this with a majority of companies at a minimum outsourcing their call up tech support. Many of these companies have tech support online twenty four hours a day and leash hundred sixty five days a year. Advertising is another in which internet helps small scale industries immensely. Social networks are used extensively by the businesses for marketing and advertising purposes. This can be seen by looking at any internet search engine today from Google, Yahoo, or any other of the one hundred and seventy search engines available. If you go to any search engine like Google or MSN you will see advertisements on the right hand s ide, or on top of the page. These are seen by millions of people today. These ads are cheap and easy to acquire to the point where any person or business can advertise for pennies on the click. At the same time, internet has the potential to affect small businesses in a negative way too. For example, internet helped globalization in many ways, but it too lent way to sites like Angies list to see if the business is reputable or garbage. It should be noted that globalization helped corporate companies to expand their business all over the world. The intrusion of corporate compani

Oligarchy in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Oligarchy in the US - Essay ExampleThe audience of the article is the average American populace. Aristotle, credit for the term oligarchy, defines oligarchy as the exercise of power by wealthy citizens, which causes intense political disparities that essentially keep abreast excessive material inequalities. While the average American populace constitutes a large percentage of Americans as compared to the wealthy, they still have no voice in decision making concerning economic and political issues in America. As a result, economic disparities continue to persist within Americans, and the average American populace must understand their role in public policy making.Jeffrey Winters and Benjamin Page present depict that the join States is both democratic and oligarchic. The fact that oligarchs can operate separately without knowing each other is evidence that oligarchy can go unnoticed in several instances (Winters and Page 739). In addition, the extent of economic difference in the U nited States proves the authors points about oligarchy. Even so, the authors affirm that there is significant substantiation from academic look into that public policy in the United States is not set by oligarchs, but rather reacts strongly to the inclination of normal citizens. The coexistence of oligarchy and democracy is evident because, at times the decision of people counts, while in other cases, the viewpoint of the wealthy sways public

The urinary system Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The urinary system - Assignment ExampleThe castrate of tint in the water supply strip that occurs in the segment of the strip is then compared to a color chart in order to come up with conclusive outcome (Tortora & Derrickson 2010). To complete a conclusive urinalysis, it is imperative to have a clean catch consume which is collected after cleansing the urethral midstream. Such samples collected via these methods are extremely important in water supply culture analysis. As a first examination method urinalysis is undertaken macroscopically in order to ascertain the visual properties of the water system sample. Usually, cotton gauze soaked in benzalkonium hydrochloride is used for collection purpose because it is a non-irritant. In convention conditions, fresh water system is pale to dark yellow or amber in color. Additionally, the urine sample is clear and normally the urine volume is between 750 to 2000mililitres per 24 hour (Mundt & Shanahan 2010). Urine analysis via dipstick is a chemical procedure that examines the potential gradient on the levels of acid and alkaline conditions. The renal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney commonly have an acidic impact on the glomerular filtrate. This potential gradient is normally between 6.0 and 7.4 in the final urine. Exceptionally, this potential difference in the level of acidity or alkalinity may vary depending on the status of the homeostatic environment. Dipstick method measures the specific gradient. Imperative to note is that specific gradient is directly comparative to osmolality which examines the concentration of solute. This measurement is carried out using a refractometer in a majority of clinical laboratories (Tortora & Derrickson 2010). Dipstick urine analysis also measures protein presence in urine samples. This can be achieved through whole urine sample or via semi-quantitative tests for the presence of urine proteins. This is normally performed after the centrifugation of supernatant of the urine sample. Dipsticks are equal to identify proteins by production of color using an indicator mostly bromophenol blue, a most affectionate indicator to albumins. Additionally, precipitation of the urine sample by heat can be used in the detection of proteins. Normal total protein concentration in urine usually does not exceed cl milligrams in 24 hours or 10ml/100ml of the urine sample. In cases where the concentration is higher than 150ml/24h, the condition is called protenuria and in ascetic cases it is referred to as nephritic syndrome. Dipsticks are also capable of examining the glucose concentration in urine. This is achievable because the technique employs the glucose oxidase reaction that is capable of screening glucose group of sugars including other reducing sugars. Conditions where glucose occur in quantities greater than 130mg/24hou indicating diabetes mellitus is generally termed as glycosuria (Funnell & Lawrence 2008). Dipsticks are also effective in the dete ction of ketones including beta-hydroxybutyric acid, acetone and acetoacetic acid. Such ketones arise from diabetic conditions or in cases of starvation. Dipsticks through the nitrite test can be positive to channelize the presence of bacteria usually in large quantity. Gram negative bacteria such as a E.coli usually indicate a positive nitrite test in urine samples. The presence of white blood cells in urine is called pyuria and can be detected by the leukocyte esterase test. This condition results from

Discuss the reasons why Aung San Suu Kyis struggle for democracy in Essay

Discuss the reasons why Aung San Suu Kyis struggle for republic in Myanmar (Burma) has been out(prenominal) so far. Identify what you consider to be the most(prenominal) important reason - Essay ExampleThe menstruation rule in Myanmar is considered to be one of the most offensive and repressive reign of the humans at present. Many laid their lives, properties and careers trying to rise against this injustice but the struggle never seemed to meet its policy-making and poetic end. Minorities fled from the country for the fear of being dealt with biasness. People of Burma finally rose against the prevalent violence and stinting mismanagement in 1988 but perhaps God had to test them a bit more. The demonstrators were targeted, dealt with brutality and level(p) killed. Hundreds of families lost their men only to witness the ruling military junta further strengthen itself. In the sea of miseries when the sun of a new day had totally been eclipsed, one ray of hope emerged from the da rkness- Aung San suu Kyi.The worlds one and only imprisoned noble peace prize winner, Ms. Suu Kyi was perhaps leading a contented life with her family, when she realized her duty to her country and its people. Ambassador of Burma in D.C called her as ordinary mobwife but she proved herself extraordinary, the way she compromised her family and twenty years of her life for democracy in Myanmar. The walk to democracy might not have been so long, had the military junta accepted the result of 1990 general option and let the winning National League for Democracy and its secretary Suu Kyi assume the office. Instead she was put to a lower place house arrest. Fourteen out of the last twenty years of her life has been spent under house arrest where no visitation by the family members or party people has been allowed. Yet, despite being the most popular political leader in Myanmar, she had to put in much more than the required efforts.Problems go about in the way of democracy Its difficult to comprehend the reasons of NLDs constant failure in its efforts to restore democracy after it had nearly cleanly swept its opposition in the general elections. In

Trash Management and Environment Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Trash Management and Environment Health - Essay Example virtually wastes are hazardous not only because they contain harmful substances but because they may contain infective microorganism. Wastes containing pathogenic microorganisms are referred to as infectious wastes. Infectious wastes are particularly dangerous since the pathogens brook go on access inside the automobile trunk using various routes. Health care waste canister commune human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through improperly disposed contaminated syringe and needles. Improperly disposed sharps can also becomes sources of pathogen as the pathogens can temporarily harbor in sharps. When some matchless is injured by sharps it can potentially cause diseases. Another types of hazardous waste associated with health care is the genotoxic waste. They can be extremely irritating and harmful effects can be felt immediately after direct disturb with skin or eyes. Antineoplastics such as alkylating agents can be considered cytotoxic at any forecast in the cell cycle (World Health Organization, 2008).Another hazardous waste are the chemicals and radioactive substances. guinea pig studies in various states from 2001 to 2005, revealed the negative effects of improper disposal of hazardous wastes. In August 2001 in Wisconsin, an improperly disposed hydrochloric caustic caused chemical burns to the sanitation truck driver. More than that, the residential neighborhood was also exposed to the chemical since 1 gallon of the hazardous substance was released. Similar incident took conduct in New York in June 2004. In June 2002 in Washington, an illegitimate methampetamine laboratory disposed of a hydrochloric acid in an apartment building dumpster. A sanitation worker who got exposed to the hazardous substance sustain a respiratory irritation when they dumped the hydrochloric acid back into the truck. In March 2003 in Colorado, an unknown amount of a radioactive waste was disposed of by a hospital employ ee in a dumpster. When it was subsequently picked up by a garbage truck, the contents activated radiation detectors at the landfill. No one was injured in the incident but restrictions were placed in the landfill until the radioactive waste was removed (Morbidity and death rate Weekly Report, 2005). Nitrate is another chemical which should be avoided however the worse part is that it can restrained get access to homes via drinking water. Although we are constantly exposed to treats because it is usually present in foods and our body requires a certain amount of nitrate. Aside from food however, nitrates are main components of most fertilizers hence in that location is a huge possibility that it may come in contact with the ground water should effluence of the chemical occurs. Since we may be exposed to this chemical through our drinking water, the United States Environmental tribute Agency (USEPA) has set an allowable limit of nitrates in the drinking water for it to be rende red safe for cosmos consumption. When nitrate level is higher than 10 mg/L it can pose a estimable health threat particularly to infants, pregnant and nursing mothers. The reason why excessive amount of nitrate should be avoided is that it has the ability to interfere with bloods function as supplier of oxygen to vital tissues in the body. This is oddly harmful to infants as it can cause a blue baby syndrome. Gastric and bladder malignant neoplastic disease are also risks that can be developed by

Mobile Application for Middle East Students in the UK Research Paper

Mobile Application for Middle East Students in the UK - Research Paper Examplesoftware product applications or apps are the mainstays of mobile business communications (Highsmith, 2002, p.30). Apps refer to the smartphone programs used daily in makeup e-mails, updating calendars, editing documents and collaborating with colleagues. Nearly all smartphones have basic messaging apps such as SMS (text messaging), pass on lists, e-mail, and calendars with room for downloading many other apps to customize the mobile business experience (Lacohee, Wakeford & Pearson, 2003, p.208). In order to proceed business successfully both within and outside the office, it is crucial to have a shared mint of productivity tools. Windows Mobile is a popular operating system for smartphone due to its ability to run inborn versions of PowerPoint, Microsoft Word, and Excel. Other phones rely on third-party apps that allow users to edit and view Microsoft Office documents. Examples of such phones are Quic kOffice and DataVizs Documents-to-Go. In addition, IT departments can customize smartphones into running applications related to line of business via the network, for instance, health records, workflow centering, shipping and logistics management as well as other industry-specific software (Litchfield, 2010, n.p.). With appropriate applications, smartphones can act as right organizers. Pocket Informant is one of the popular contacts and calendar apps. The advantage of Pocket Informant over built-in calendar apps is its ability to render a clear organization of complex schedules. Pocket Informant in like manner enables one to view all the e-mails, notes and appointments for each contact in the address book (Williams & Pence, 2011, p.680). ReQall which is a unfermented app that allows busy road-warriors to create to-do lists and calendar entries using easy voice commands. Through management of a complex network of contacts for business, only a small number of online services can beat LinkedIn that provide a native app for iPhone and before long for the Blackberry. Videoconferencing and online collaboration are a boon to both guinea pig and international companies. Many powerful apps extend the online collaboration tools to the smartphone. Ciscos WebEx Meeting Center for iPhone and the Blackberry allows one to government issue part in the online conference as either a participant or a presenter. It allows for share of documents, viewing of PowerPoint presentations and IM together with various participants while teleconferencing via the smartphone (Liu & Hwang, 2010, P.E5). Another iPhone app is iShare which provides access to firms Microsoft SharePoint waiter to update workflows and collaborate on documents. Encamp for iPhone is an app smartphone that enables access to Basecamp project management workflows as well as shared documents (Highsmith, 2002, p.30).

Virgin Islands Essay Example for Free

virtuous Is vote outs EssayVirgin Islands in United States were previously kn birth as Danish West Indies. They atomic number 18 situated about lambert miles from east of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean. most 108,612 citizens are living importantly on holy man John, saint Croix, Saint doubting doubting Thomas and Water Islands. do land area c all overed by the territory is 133. 73 square miles which is approximately 346. 4 km2. in the lead their acquirement by U. S these islands were owned by the Kingdom of Denmark which ruled since 1754. Secretary of the country, namely William H. Seward, cute to protect their naval familys for the safety of U. S interest in Caribbean during the Civil War. They prepared themselves to control the main naval routes from Central and Latin America which is the first authorized gateway to Denmark. Due to the internal plight faced by Demark and declined economy of the islands, Danish officials negotiated with the minister of the United State s that directed to an agreement of purchasing it for $7. 5 million in 1867. Though, Danish authorities had a favorable plebiscite and a prompt ratification besides still they failed to secure their Congress and public opinion.As a result, they were defeated due to a immanent disaster in Saint John which led to purchase Alaska by President Andrew Johnson. On the another(prenominal)wise hand, opinion by the citizen of Denmark was in favor to the expansion by contraryers. The treaty was however faded away(p) in the Senate and was ultimately rejected in 1869. To purchase the islands, Secretary of State John Hay showed efforts in 1902 who thought that Germans were planning out to acquire naval bases of the Caribbean Sea. Although, Danish government was not willing to downfall their islands and were hoping to get benefit from the impending canal namely isthmian.Due to German expansionism, secretary of State Robert reopened the talks and as a result a treaty was signed in 1916 whe re all the approvals were replaced in 1917. about(predicate) twenty five million dollars were transferred after the favorable negotiations in 1917. Saint Thomas and Water Island were besides developed during World War II as a defense base. After the authorities were transferred from the incision of navy, the islands were handed over to the office of insular affairs in 1931 where it stayed till 1971.As an unincorporated land of United States, these islands were given limited form of independency due to Organic Act of 1936. After the revise Organic Act was published in 1954, the degree of self-governance became even more enhanced. (Statens Arkiver) Economy of these islands is mostly establish on tourism with almost 2. 6 million tourists each year which account 80% of gross domestic product and services. However, its agriculture sect is smaller than manufacturing sects which consist of electronics, textiles, refining of pet utilisationum and pharmaceuticals.Petroleum refineries in S aint Croix are the largest all over the globe. Islands do get damaged due to storms and other natural disaster precisely the partnership for trading purpose is solely the mainland of the United States and Puerto Rico helps to renovate the islands. Still government is working(a) to expand their private sector, tourism and protection of the environment. (The World FactBook, 2008). The islands are situated amid the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. They are about fifty miles east from Puerto Rico and sixty miles west from Caribbean Islands.Basically, Virgin Islands are located at the top of the curve of Caribbean Islands where it starts from Florida to South America. Virgin Islands in United States consist of four major islands and fifty smaller cays and islands. Islands are placed at the peak of submerged mountains that rise from some hundred feet over the sea and ocean floors. Virgin Islands consist of mountains, sea cliffs, tiny streams, forests, and beautiful sand beaches. (Virgi n Islands Vacation subscribe to Community, 2008) Following is the deep analysis of major islands located in Virgin IslandSaint Croix Saint Croix is unitary(a) of the largest Virgin Island in the United States as it was once roofed by sugar cane. This striking island does not apply visitors like Saint Thomas and Saint John has but it however consist of a port of vacation. Saint Croix is almost cover with 84 square miles land. It is far away from Saint Thomas almost 40 miles from south. This Caribbean island has a dramatic history and vast cultivation of sugar cane. Several flags have fluttered over the land of Saint Croix but the predominant influence was of Danish which ruled for about 250 years. in that location are a number of sceneries throughout the island such as lush rain forest towards north-west and palm beaches that is connected to clean aquamarine water at east end. Though, southern location of island is covered with industries which include more than hundred sugar m ills. Nonetheless, roadstead of the island need to get repaired. A number of roads are unmarked and tourist might get lost some where on the island. A approximate range that covers 850 acres of the land with the water surface of 1. 5 miles to the northern coast of Saint Croix is located.Buck Island is a part of that park even since 1948 which consist of wonderful snorkeling. A number of historical exhibits are raise in Fort Frederik which is located in Frederiksted, constructed in 1760 and was renovated back in 1840s. A number of historians deliberate that Fort Frederik was one of the first fort where the salute ceremony to the flag of United States was held in 1776. It is likewise been said that Governor General Peter von Scholten liberated the Dutch slaves at Fort Frederik in 1848. Conversely, one of the best fort in Saint Croix is Fort Christiansvaern, located in Christiansted.Saint Thomas Saint Thomas is another major island of Virgin Islands which is likely to be called as cruise ship on the Caribbean Sea. This island consists of natural beauty and it in any case has one of the finest weather in West Indies. Tourism in this island plays role of a king. People love to visit Saint Thomas as they can gain foreign culture experience. Virgin Islands including Saint Thomas have all the components from tropical paradise to exotic uncivilised life. As a part of the United States, it is easy to visit Saint Thomas and other Virgin Islands.A number of fast food restaurants are also located in Saint Thomas plus traveling from United States is not complex due to the protection given by American government. Name of Virgin Islands were given after a famous explorer namely Christopher capital of Ohio. In 1492, Christopher Columbus gave a name to the group of islands therefore Las Once Mil Virgenes in the respect of Saint Ursulas martyred maidens as believed by Christians. The United States however purchased it share for Virgin Islands in 1916 from Denmark. Every Vi rgin Island has its own personality and scenery.(Linda Garrison, 2008) Saint Johns Saint John is the smallest of the Virgin Islands that covers 20 square miles of the land. Two third of Saint John is covered by national park. Saint John consists of over 5,000 residents. The island is a domicile of a number of ethnic backdrop that play its own role in Saint Johns through the celebration, music and other cultural rituals. The island itself ensures the magnificent and unique beauty of its nature park oddly by its historical insight. Hiking is the mostly done on this island therefore trip is incomplete without it.Laurance Rockfeller purchased a per centum of Saint Johns in 1950s with a thought of enjoying the natural world. However, there are many other places in Saint Johns that are dotted around the island such as Annaberg Plantation, a sugar mill established in the 18th century, which is located at the north end and Catherineberg Ruins sugar mill which was considered to be the head quarters of Saint John where salves were trained to become a tribal soldier. Weather in Saint John is considered to be tropical with about thirty degrees Celsius. The hot sunny weather keeps pass months hot however humidity is lesser than in summer.Conclusion When Virgin Islands were transferred to United Stated from Denmark, a history was ended but another began. This transfer was however been awaited by the native concourse of Virgin Islands hoping for the development of Virgin Islands. Involvement of United States is considered to be a formula for the development of scotch and social ills of which people were suffering in Virgin Islands. However, the concept of islands to be a military base rather than a state that consist of natural resources is developed by the United States for the favor of people.It was also determine to the changes in policies and attitude of the United States in future years.Bibliography1) The World FactBook. Virgin Islands. November 6, 2008. Central l ight Agency. November 18, 2008 https//www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vq. htmlGeo 2) Statens Arkiver. Virgin Islands History. Danish National Archives. November 18, 2008 http//www. virgin-islands-history. dk/eng/default. asp 3) Linda Garrison. St. Thomas in the U. S. Virgin Islands (USVI) journey Lines Favorite Virgin. 2008. Cruises.November 18, 2008 http//cruises. about. com/cs/caribbeanports/a/stthomas_2. htm 4) Linda Garrison. St. Croix in the U. S Virgin Islands Things to do with a Day in Port. 2008. Cruises. November 18, 2008 http//cruises. about. com/cs/caribbeanports/a/stcroix. htm 5) Virgin Islands Vacation Guide Community. Virgin Islands Geography. 2008. Virgin Islands Now. November 19, 2008 http//www. vinow. com/general_usvi/geography/ 6) CaribbeanWay. St. John USVI. highlife Villa Rentals and Sales. November 19, 2008 http//st-john. caribbeanway. com/general-info. asp

Assignment Coursera Essay Example for Free

Assignment Coursera EssayScore Explanation 6. 34 Correct 5. 00 Correct. This is where a spreadsheet comes in handy. congeries 5. 00 / 5. 00 school principal Explanation This is a simple IRR calculation. Drawing a time problem helps. Question 3 (5 points) Austin needs to purchase a raw heating/cooling musical arrangement for his home. He is thinking close to having a geothermal formation installed, but he wants to know how tenacious it bequeath take to recoup the additional damage of the system. The geothermal system pass on cost $20,000. A conventional system testament cost $7,000. Austin is eligible for a 30% tax ascribe to be applied immediately to the purchase. He estimates that he will save 1 ,500 per class in utility bills with the geothermal system. These cash kayoedflows can be aimd to occur at the end of the year. The cost of capital (or interest put) for Austin is 7%. How long will Austin have to use the system to entirelyify the additional expense over the conventional model? ( i. e, What is the DISCOUNTED payback period in old age? Discount future cash flows before calculating payback and round to a whole year. ) practice for Question 3 Your wait on Score 6 Correct. You dismissed before calculating payback, but it still is a very myopic measure.Total Simple payback calculation, but with discounting. Question 4 (10 points) In postgraduate school Jeff often made money in the summer by mowing lawns in the neighborhood. He Just finished his freshman year of college and, after taking a Business 101 class, he has nigh ideas about how to scale up his lawn mowing operation. Previously, he had used his fathers push lawn mower, but he is thinking about getting a r101ng mower tnat wlll save tlme ana allow nvm to 00 more lawns. He Touna a used, zero turn, riding mower on Craigslist for $1,200.He will also need a radio-controlled aircraft to pull the mower behind his pickup that will cost him an additional $600. With the new ower he can take on an additional 20 lawns per week at an average cash inflow of $20 per lawn he will receive at the end of each week. He has 14 weeks of summer in which to mow lawns. (For convenience, assume that the mower and trailer will have no value after Jeff is done with his work this summer. ) The discount rate for Jeff is 10% (Keep in mind this is an annual rate). What is the Net Present Value of the mower/trailer project? Your Answer -1147 3117 4320 3720 10. 00 Correct.You know how to set up and calculate wv, at a weekly interval. Total 10. 00 / 10. 00 A fairly common NPV problem, with weekly compounding. Question 5 (10 points) Yassein is looking to refinance his home because rate have gone eat up from when he bought his house 10 years ago. He started with a 30-year fixed-rate owe of $288,000 at an annual rate of 6. 5%. He can now get a 20-year fixed-rate mortgage at an annual rate of 5. 5% on the remaining balance of his initial mortgage. (All loans require periodic payments. ) In order to re-flnance, Yassein will need to pay closing costs of $3,500.These costs are out of pocket and cannot be rolled into the new mortgage. How much will re backing save Yassein? (i. e. What is the NPV of the refinancing decision? Your Answer 16467 17517 16975 Correct. This is a very common situation we all face all the time. 15463 A problem we saw destruction week, but I expect you to do this routinely now. It is a value generating opportunity through financing only because interest rates changed. Question 6 (10 points) Chandra has the opportunity to buy a vacant serve next to several commercial properties for $50,000.She plans to buy the property and spend another $60,000 immediately to put in a parking lot. She has talked to the local businesses and has some contracts lined up to fill the parking spaces. The profits from the ontracts will provide $25,000 per year and the contracts will last 10 years. What is the NPV of Chandras plan if the appropriate discount/interes t rate is 10%? (Enter Just the number without the $ sign or a comma round off decimals. ) Answer for Question 43614 Correct. You know how to calculate NPV. Questlon Explanatlon A standard NPV problem.Question 7 (10 points) This question introduces you to the concept of an rente with growth. The mandate is given on p. 3, equation (7), of the Note on Formulae, but I would encourage you to try doing it in Excel as well. (If the first cash flow is C, the next one ill be C(l+g), and so on, where g is the growth rate in cash flow). As an example, the present value of an annuity that starts one year from now at $100, and grows at 5%, with the last cash flow in year 10, when the discount rate is 7%, is $860. Confirm this before attempting the problem using both the formula and excel.What is the NPV of of a new manufacturing project that costs $100,000 today, but has a cash flow of $15,000 in year 1 that grows at 4% per year till year 12? Similar investments earn 7. 5% per year. (Enter Ju st the number without the $ sign or a comma round off decimals. ) Answer for Question 7 0486 Correct. Hope you used both methods. This is a set up and calculation problem, nothing new conceptually. Question 8 (1 5 points) Diane has Just 18 and also completed high school and is question about the value of a college education.She is pretty good with numbers, and driven by financial considerations only, so she sits down to calculate whether it is worth the large sum of money. She knows that her first year tuition will be $12,000, ascribable at the beginning of the year (that is, right away). Based on historical trends she estimates that tuition will ski tow at 6% per year for the 4 years she is in school. She also estimates that her living expense in a higher place and beyond tuition will be $8,000 per year (assume this occurs at the end of the year) for the first year and will increase $500 each year thereafter to keep up with inflation.

Globalization Study Greece Economic Crisis Essay Example for Free

Globalization try out Greece Economic Crisis EssayHowever, besides Greece, there are other European countries also belonging to European Union face a similar problem, such as Portugal, Ireland, Italy and Spain. Therefore, Greeces debt crisis also triggers a European crisis. As the three companies lowered Greeces credit rating the cost of their debt was on an upward trend. Consequently, Greece initiated an ascesis program, the austerity measure resulted mass demonstrations. Background It all started in 2001, when Greece joined the European Union, Greeces famine at the time was higher than 3%, the standard of European Union. An Ameri rat company named Goldman Sachs helped Greek governing to mask the true extent of its deficit with the help of a derivatives deal that legally circumvented the EU Maastricht deficit rules. At some point the so-called cross currency swaps provide mature, and swell the countrys already bloated deficit. (http//translate. google. com/? sl=enen/zh-CN/ ) In comparison to other EU countries, Greeces economic situation was relatively weak. tourism being the main source of income for Greece was affected by the global economic crisis in 2007 which reduced the minute of tourists form all over the population.This had a strong impact on Greece, as their imports were higher than exports it caused the relief valve of capital. Other factors that added to their crisis were high government spending, tax evasion and corruption. The bailout from European Union European Union and IMF extend 110bn Euros for the first bailout and 130bn Euros for the second bailout to help Greek government pay its creditors. At the same time, the vast mass of Greeces private-sector creditors agreed to wipe off some of the debts, and also agreed to lower the present use up but this was not enough for Greece. Consequence of Greeces economy -Austerity measureIncrease of taxes, decrease final payment What should Greece do in order to change its situation? Greece should implement budget cuts, higher taxes, improve hollow market, lower pension reform. What can European Union do in order to protect Eurozone ST-GREEK exchangeable to ST-stock (special discourse stock is a stock continues to experience a loss for three years and has a risk to leave stock market) For example, European Union can give Greece some special treatment such as 5% of financial deficits and fewer than 90% of public debt to gross domestic result change the name of Greece in EU to ST-Greek Audit Greeces expenditure twice a year.European Union can also do same thing to Portugal, Italy, Ireland Spain. Hidden International Competition. The speed organic evolution of capitalist economies after World War 2 resulted between control and anti-control of America and Europe. The frequent patronage between European countries helped economic union. U. S and Soviet Unions situation had threatened the maturement of European countries. It was impossible for any single country to deal with that kind of threat, unless they stay together. Thats why the EU was formed. It was not a extensive deal for America at first, until EU had mentioned Eurozone.It suffered a drastic disagreement from Londons financial hub as it threatened the position of the U. S dollar. To split EU they supported the eastward enlargement of EU. When Germany and France succeeded, they already lost the advantage of EU. Theres a big economic difference between east Europe and west Europe and they were not trading frequently. If wolves behold at the most weak sheep, the sheeps result is certain. Surely, wolves can not be satisfied for righteous one sheep, they wanted to eat all of the sheep, but a smart wolf would give sheep a chance to breed.After Greece, Portugal, Italy, Ireland and Spain may have risk of being eaten by the wolf. So, France and Germany face a tricky problem, if they help Greece, their citizens are not happy and the countries they help are not grateful for their bailout, they keep inquire for more. If they dont help those countries, they will leave EU subsequently making EU weaker. So, we can fairly say that it is the main purpose of Londons financial hub to make the dollars situation safe now as it will be a long time forward EU can challenge the US dollar.In my opinion, every great change in this world is controlled by the super powers, to become more powerful they make other countries weak. After Japan, Southeast Asia and Europe, who will be next? The wolf will find different ways to weaken other countries in order to empower themselves. I think the simplest way is to observe what wolf does next. Further global intimation and specifically Canada Canada and Greece have been enjoying good trade relations for many years. Bilateral merchandise trade reached $256. 3 million in 2011. Canadian exports totaled $88. million, led by furs, vegetables and pharmaceutical products to Greece. Canadian imports from Greece totaled $168. 2 million in 2011, le d by preserved food, fats and oil (mainly olive oil) and articles of iron and steel. (http//www. canadainternational. gc. ca/greece-grece/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/index. aspx? lang=eng) Greece have to control their imports in order to pay for the debt, so their may decrease the import of Bilateral merchandise and furs, vegetables and pharmaceutical from Canada. It will have adverse effect on Canadian economy. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis

Transcendentalism Quotes Essay Example for Free

Transcendentalism Quotes adjudicateIt looks poorest when you are richest.I People who accommodate enthusiasm in material possession usually seat not suppress their endless trust of chasing wealth and fame, however, it shows the extreme poor inside of their spirit. They only brook attention on external possessions moreover neer factualize that the depth of thoughts and independence of lives reflect the real rich. The suitable simplicity is spirituality.Do not trouble yourself much to get new things, whether clothes or friends. Turn the old return to them. I Complexity bleeds only dissatisfaction. When people want more than they get, their desire will never be fulfilled and develop into greed. Get back to the original of the nature and life, have the simplicity of everything whatever friendship or possession, always remember the best is the original. look up to is ignorance imitation is suicide.I Individual is unique in the world, everyone has his own way to go and cant be duplicated. Envy only brings hatred and ignorance of inherent talent through comparison. Others ways are broad road to them but thorny path to different person. Blind imitation likes putting a lotus into the desert it never works and leads to death. Wise people trust themselves, choose their way and walk carefully step by step and realize their dreams.Whose would be a man must be nonconformist.I Society is a framework that limits individuals ability. To discover the inner capacity we should trust ourselves, jump out of the conformation and express the real thoughts.The power which resides in him is new in nature, and none but he knows what that is which he can do, nor does he know until he has tried. IYou will never know the result unless you approximate it. Everything begins with trying so trust yourself and just do it. Where there is a desire you should get up and try. If you have the courage to try that undoubtfully you can continue finishing it. Man is born to try, a step, a drink and a touch. The individual has always had to struggle to keep from being overwhelmed, If youtry it, you will be lonely often, and sometimes frightened. But no price is too high to pay for the privilege of accept yourself.

John Kotters Eight Steps to Change Essay Example for Free

John Kotters ogdoad Steps to Change EssayA Systematic Approach Eight Steps to Change. We shall use the impact of low-cost airline as an example to understand each step. In 2003, Lufthansa was facing in ecstasyse competition from low-cost airline on short-haul domestic help flights. In the fight for command in the German skies, Lufthansa intend to match the low-cost rivals by expanding its own network of cut-price domestic and European services.Establish a sense of urgency. From previous experiences of battling competition and enforcing change, the first step leading to the prospering implementation of change is the creation of urgency. Establishing a sense of urgency is vital for eliminating contentment and achieving the collaboration necessary to implement change. Employees are required to co-operate, understand the differences between the companys current situation and a needd future participate and step up to the mark in order to succeed. . 2. 2Step 2. Create a powerfu l guiding coalition.Once sense of urgency is established within the organisation, the next step is forming a strong group of guiding coalition. The group could consist of internal or external organisation members with significant credibility and authority. These outsiders can provide valuable judgement, experiences and ideas that in turn allow the employees to share a joint level of understanding for change. 3. 2. 3Step 3. Develop a compelling vision.Obviously, the reason for changes is discontentment with the current situation and having the desire for a better future. For that reason, management allow to develop a clear and accomplishable vision that consists of these characteristics a desirable future, compelling, realistic, focused, flexible and, easy to communicate. They pitch to be specific about how the change will mend the organisation and how those improvements will benefit employees in the organisation. 3. 2. 4Step 4. Communicate the vision.During the implementation o f change, in that location are bound to have resisters opposing the change. Communication is the crucial factor to convert the resisters with managers taking advantages of all the communication channels in the organisation to get the transformation effort across to all. It must be able to convey and apologise the specifically how the vision will benefit them. 3. 2. 5Step 5. Empower others to act on the vision. In every change, there are bound to be obstacles. The first four steps encourage employees to accept changes.To further corroborate change, obstacles that obstruct the way to attaining the vision should be eliminated. If the obstacles happen to be an employee, the organisation may well have to decide the option available or sever the relationship with the individual. 3. 2. 6Step 6. Generate short-term elevates Depending on the entailment of change, some transformation of change might take years to before it is successfully implemented. In the pillowcase of Lufthansa, in order to top the low-cost aviation industry, the duration might approximately take ten years.Attitude and motivation among employees might fade along the way. Soon, they will loose sight of the vision and give way discouraged and disappointed therefore Lufthansa should set up multiple short-term win situations in a major transformation change. 3. 2. 7Step 7. Consolidate gains and push for more change. It is important to note that celebrating a short-term win might create complacency among employees. So instead of celebrating or declaring victory prematurely, organisation should take the chance to implement larger changes.With the confidence and belief, employees will be able to accept larger and more forceful changes than before. Organisation should build on the current momentum to push for more change. 3. 2. 8Step 8. Anchor new approaches in the companys culture. Once the objective has been achieved, prove the positive result to employees. After that, management should fasten t hat cementation work such as new working methodologies and policies are enforced into the company culture whereby constant improvement and changes are seen as norm and survival.

Why I Want a Wife Essay Example for Free

Why I Want a Wife EssayMatthews and Cofer both came from different cultures and both lease problems. They lived two completely different lives. two Matthew and Cofer worried about their friends excepting the fact that they had another culture. They both lived in the United States but had another behavior that they didnt like sharing, but their family would not let them forget about it. In gaint C any in all Me a Hot Tamale Cofer, overcharge sensation, Matthews, and My Two Lives, Lahiri all face similar adversity, social problems, and tough-minded decisiveness. In all three stories they have different but sometimes life changing stopping point to touch on.In Dont Call Me a Hot Tamale, Cofer, Pick One, Matthews, and My Two Lives, Lahiri all have different yet similar adversity. They all face dilemmas in their e very(prenominal)day life. In Dont Call Me a Hot Tamale, Cofer gets criticized for the way dressed. When she dresses like her mother and grandmother was taught to wear. They dressed to look seductive for themselves. But others looked down on her for that. In Pick One, Matthews he has to make a decision that he would have to live with the rest of his life. Either he chose to be white or disastrous. Matthews was both shocking and Jewish.Matthewss mother was Jewish and his father was black. When he went to his first day of his new school, the kids looked at him. They do him chose black or white. In My Two Lives, Lahiri never got to forget about her s culture. Her parents reminded her every day. loving problems were a big deal for Cofer, Matthews, and Lahiri. They all went through with(predicate) some kind of social problems. In Dont Call Me Hot Tamale, Judith Ortiz Cofer has social problems because of the way she dresses. People dont want to trounce to a person like her that dresses like that.One night she was having dinner at a victorian hotel and after she ate, she went back to her room, and on her way a middle-aged man in a dinner ja cket stopped her and started singing her a song. In Pick One, David Matthews he has social problems at his new school. One day in the hallway, on his way to class some of his classmates stopped him. Some of the kids were asking him black or white? What are you. He had never heard that before. He went on about his business. later that day, it was lunch time. He walked into the lunch room and he knew right then he had to pick. It was a very hard decision to make.He made the decision to be white because they looked the most like him, and had much in common with them. In My Two Lives, Jhumpa Lahiri was afraid her friends wouldnt accept her because she had two cultures. But her parents wouldnt let her forget about her other culture. She spoke English without a accent, she comprehended the language in a way her parents couldnt. Because of her looks she did not attend Sunday school. Conflict of growing up was hard for all three of these tidy sum Dont Call Me a Hot Tamale, Cofer, Pick O ne, Matthews, and My Two Lives, Lahiri all moved from a different country when they was young.They had to learn a new language, understand how to speak English, and make new friends. Even after they mastered the language people still looked at them differently. Judith Ortiz Cofer had to live with people looking at her for the way she dressed. But that was how her mother and grandmother dressed. David Matthews had to live with making a decision that would follow him the rest of his life. His mother was Jewish and his father was black. He had a lot of conflict era he was growing up. Jhumpa Lahiri parents wouldnt let her forget about her other culture.Hey told her until they pasted away that her second culture would be in her life. In Dont Call Me a Hot Tamale, Judith Ortiz Cofer, Pick One, David Matthews, and My Two Lives, Jhumpa Lahiri all have different yet similar adversitys, social problems, and conglict of growing up. In all three stories they all go through life changing experi ences. Cofer goes through things because of the way she dresses. Matthews goes through school and has to pick what color he is. And last Lahiri worries about her friends accepting her for who she is.

Comparing and Contrasting Biblical and Professional Views of Addiction Essay Example for Free

issue and Contrasting Biblical and Professional Views of habituation EssayRunning opusoeuvre COMPARING AND CONTRASTING VIEWS OF ADDICTIONComparing and Contrasting Biblical andProfessional Views of AddictionMike moundLiberty UniversityAbstr formThis writing comp ares and contrasts the scriptural view of dependency manage workforcet with the historical and live captain standpoint. This is achieved by carefully inspecting from a biblical perspective the meanings and purposes of terms such as direction-at-law, advice, evolvee, ardent drink, self-restraint, and an early(a)(prenominal)s. This paper leave also present the definition, etiology, assessment, diagnosis, consequences, and intervention strategies link to robion. Fin wholey, the function section will provide private insights and applications.Comparing and Contrasting Biblical andProfessional Views of AddictionIntroductionAs the fab take emperor proudly paraded around in his fresh clothes, the whole ham let knew there was a fuss except the naked, self-deceived ruler. Similarly, the vulgar threads that bind or so substance disgustrs are denial and destructive behavior. Kanel (2007) summarized substance dependence as a maladaptive pattern of substance abuse leading to clinically signifi female genital organt impairment or distress (p. 169). Clients who present with alcoholic drink dependence or abuse extradite a vice-grip hold on defenses which overwhelm denial, displacement, fantasy, projection, rationalization, minimizing, and repression (Kanel, 2007, pp. 174-175). For example, Kanel (2007) asserts, Denial is strong in these events of knobs because most of them who come in for counseling are tacit capable of functioning on the job therefore, they do non see themselves as addicts (p. 175). However, denial does non cover the problem nor the devastating consequences.Nationally, researchers befuddle estimated a staggering 40% of all traffic jam fatalities are alcohol re lated (NIAA, 2010). enquiry has also demonstratedthat most high school students started their dose involvement with beer or drink. The second demo involved hard liquor, cigarettes, or both. In the third stage, teens run for on to illicit medicate use (Ksir, Hart, Oakley, 2009, p. 17). In addition, in 2008, 51.6% of Americans age 12 and older had utilise alcohol at least once in the 30 days prior to organism surveyed (NIDA, 2010). The estimated price of alcohol abuse and alcoholism to the United States is in the billionsa sobering thought, particularly in our current economic distress (NIAA, 2010).The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the biblical view of addiction counseling with the historical and current professional standpoint. This goal will be achieved by carefully inspecting from a biblical perspective the meanings and usages of terms such as counsel, advice, wisdom, plan, purpose, instruction, and serve as salutary as raillerys related to addiction which allow in wine, strong drink, desire, self-control, and abstinence.Secondly, this paper will compare and contrast the professional view of counseling versus biblical counseling as related to addiction. This section will present the definition, etiology, assessment, diagnosis, consequences, and intervention strategies related to addiction. Finally, the last section will provide personal insights and applications. Biblical Words Related to counselingingTo grasp the marrow of a song, it is necessary to dissect the lyrics. Like snotty-nosed, to comprehend the philosophy and purpose of counseling, the meaning of the reciprocations related to it essential be defined and understood. match to a biblical worldview, the premier joint to be defined is counsel. CounselThe al-Quran counsel in the parole is derived from contrastive Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek scripts. The password definitions were derived from the black Letter intelligence (2010) website which provides the me anings of the words from firms Exhaustive Concordance of the countersign. A sample of Old Testament (OT) usages from the modern King James Version (NKJV) and the King James Version (KJV) are as followsa. Yaats (verb) heart to advise, to consult, devise, or plan. David joyfully proclaimed, I will b little the LORD who has given me counsel (yaats) (Psalm 167 NKJV). David identify the maestro as being the source of good counsel.b. Dabar (noun)refers to a saying or speech. The counsel (dabar) of Balaam led the Israelites kayoedside from the Lord which resulted in serious judgment (Numbers 3116). From this Hebrew usage, counseling can be understood as much more(prenominal) than than than patently audition to invitees. Listening plays a large comp iodinent in establishing a workings concretion, provided counseling also involves the advocator supplying verbal input, albeit, break in counsel than Balaams.c. Etsah (noun) message advice or purpose. This word is akin to the Greek word boule. Clinton and Ohlschlager (2002) discovered that, The word occurs more than a hundred times in the Septuagint, where it is used s heretoforety-four times to translate the Hebrew word etzah (p. 59). Usage of this word in both Psalm 3310-11 and Psalm 1 demonstrate that there are basically ii types of counsel all ungodly or godly. The LORD brin collarh the counsel (etsah) of the non-Jew to nought He necessitateth the devices of the bulk of n integrity effect. The counsel (etsah) of the LORD standeth for ever, the thoughts of His heart to all generations (Psalm 3310-11 KJV). This word is also used in 2Samuel 1531, 34, 1Kings 128, Psalm 11, 3310-11, Proverbs 205, and Isaiah 112.d. Tachbulah (noun)conveys the report of direction, guidance, or good advice. (See Proverbs 1114.)e. Melak (Aramaic-noun)means advice. (See Daniel 427.) The New Testament (NT) was originally compose in Greek. The following Greek words are translated into the English word counsela. Sumbouleu o (verb)means to counsel, to advise, or exhort. The essence of the counsel (sumbouleuo) of Jesus to nominal believers in Laodicea was to turn from their materialistic self-complacency and open their patrol wagon to true intimacy with Him (Rev. 318, 20). This word also means to consulttogether or to piece as used in Matthew 264 and Matthew 2812.b. Boule (noun)means counsel, purpose, design, determination, or decree. This word is used in Luke 730, Acts 223, Ephesians 111, and Hebrews 617. NotedGreek scholar mess Wuest (1947) adds that boule means, To desire, which desire comes from ones reasoncounsel to the effect that the soul might befall a sure refuge in the Lord Jesus (p. 123).c. Bouleuo (verb)means to give counsel, to purpose, or to determine. The idea of counsel being advice or the act of giving advice is a common thread tying most of these words together. Tachbulah, boule and bouleuo include purpose and direction to further expound the meaning. While good counsel includes a dvice-giving, Clinton and Ohlschlager (2002) encou anger an flack that attends the client discover truth rather than simply telling them what the truth is. brief from Proverbs 205, they assert, Truth destinyn out of the clients own life-time bes to be more deeply understood and more actively embraced, and it motivates and sustains the reassign process (p. 204). AdviceThe next word advice is translated from two different Hebrew words and a Greek word.a. Dabar (noun) and etsah (noun)are Hebrew words that are also translated as counsel in the OT as observed above.b. Gnome (noun)this Greek word means view, intention, or reason.c. Websters dictionary (1983) defines advice as counsel an opinion offered as worthy to be followed in a particular(prenominal) situation (p. 29). PlanPlan and purpose are both translated from the Hebrew word machashabah (noun) which is found in Proverbs 163, Proverbs 2018 and Jeremiah 2911. In the New Testament, the Greek word prothesis (noun) means purp ose, a predetermination, or a setting forth and is used in Romans 828 and 911. pedagogicsAnother word related to counseling is instruction. Examples from the Old Testament and New Testament are as followsa. Muwcar (noun)Hebrew meaning discipline or correction as in Proverbs 1920.b. Paideia (noun)this Greek word refers to the training up of children into adulthood. As it relates to believers, it is instruction with the aim at increa wickednessg virtue. A severalise exit where this word is used is 2Timothy 316. loreWise counsel is non-negotiable for success in the therapeutic relationship. Wisdom is defined in the Hebrew and Greek belowa. Chokmah (noun)this Hebrew word also means shrewdness or prudence. There is a prophetic reference to the Messiah in Isaiah 112 indicating that He would ask the constitution of wisdom (chokmah) upon Him.b. Sophia (noun)Mounce (1993) defines this word as wisdom, in general, knowledge, learning, science or enlightenment (p. 419). This word can be f ound in James 316-17 where wisdom from immortal is contrasted with earthly, demonic wisdom. jockstrapFinally, forming a helping relationship is necessary for client variety show (Horvath Luborsky, 1993, p. 561). The Hebrew words ezrah and azar as hygienic as the Greek words boetheia, sullambano, and epikouria, all basically mean to help. Psalm 6011 concludes that help (ezrah) from man is useless. True help is scarce from the Lord. Christian counselors can boldly visit divinity fudges throne of grace to receive grace for the pay off help (boetheia) to extend to clients (Hebrews 416).As connecting dot-to-dots will form an image, combining these words together will provide a picture of counseling from a biblical worldview. In essence, there are two types of counsel either godly or ungodly. Godly, fresh counsel originates from God and accomplishes His purposes. Ungodly, unwise counsel is earthly, sensual, demonic and fulfills the plans of this present age (James 315-17). The go al of Christian counseling includesGods eternal plan for souls to enter a relationship with Jesus and ripen in Him. The priority of the counsel of Jesus is intimacy with Him above attaining material wealth and earthly ecstasy (Revelation 318, 20). In contrast, secular counseling has the temporal goal of tender-hearted satisfaction and self-fulfillment (Clinton Ohlschlager, 2002, p. 77).Bufford (1997) considers the contravention in goals as the most important factor distinguishing Christian from secular counseling (p. 120). For example, suppose a clients un expected pregnancy was causing distress in her life. A secular counselor would provide abortion as an option (Feldman, 2008, p. 57). A competent Christian counselor would assist the client to view issues through the lens of record and would not suggest abortion as an option (AACC encipher of ethical motive, 2004, p. 7). Rather, the Christian counselor would supply other options such as adoption, para-church ministries, and other ideas to support the decision of carrying the cross to term.Fulfillment, satisfaction, and peace are the by-products of godly counsel. When Moses appropriated the counsel of his grow-in-law Jethro, he was able to manage his overwhelming responsibilities more efficiently and to have peace of mind (Exodus 1819). Another illustration of counseling in Scripture is in 2Samuel 15. Ahithophel was once King Davids counselor. Ahithophels job was to provide advice to the king in order for him to make wise decisions in war plans and to understand the mind of the Lord in other practical matters.Proverbs 2018 (NKJV) instructs, Plans (machashabah) are established by counsel (etsah) by wise counsel (tachbulah) wage war. However, Ahithophel betrayed David by becoming Absaloms counselor. Therefore, David prayed that Ahithophels counsel would be turned to foolishness. God honored Davids request, and the Lords counsel and purpose was accomplished (2Samuel 15-17). Ultimately, Gods counsel will stand forever, whereas the opinions and plans of man will pass away (Psalm 3310-11). Biblical Words Related to AddictionWinea. Yayin (noun)means wine. Sometime after he departed from the ark, Noah became intoxicated by wine. Noahs inebriated condition provoke a lack of inhibitory control because he was uncovered at bottom his tent(Genesis 921 KJV). As a result, his son Ham apparently engaged in some sort of distant behavior (Genesis 922-25). Lots daughters introduced wine into their plan to perform inappropriate behavior with their father (Genesis 1932-35). These two examples present the negative side of wine abuse which coincides with sobering warnings in other passages (cf. Proverbs 201 2331-35). Scripture also displays wine as an illustration of joy. The Lord provides wine that makes glad the heart of man (Psalm 10415a NKJV).b. Oinos (noun)In the NT, this Greek word means wine. Vine and Bruce (1981)expound, The drinking of wine could be a stumbling-block and the Apostle enjoi nsabstinence in this respect, as in others, so as to avoid giving an precedent of stumblingto a brother (Romans 1421) (p. 219). In contrast, capital of Minnesota encourages Timothy to no longer drink hardly water, but use a little wine for your stomachs sake and your frequent infirmities (1Timothy 523 NKJV).Strong drinka. Shekar (noun)is an OT Hebrew word meaning, strong drink or intoxicating liquor. While performing priest equal duties in the tabernacle, Aaron and his sons were forbidden to drink wine or strong drink under penalty of expiration (Leviticus 1019).b. Sikera (noun)In the NT, this word means, intoxicating beverage which is differentfrom wine. It was made of a mixture of gratifying ingredients. John the Baptist did not drink wine or strong drink, but he was make full with the manufacturer Spirit from his motherswomb (Luke 115).Desirea. TeshuwqahThis OT word means desire, longing, or impulse. God confronted Cain by personifying sin as a crouching lion ready to de stroyhim, whos desire is for you, but you should rule over it (Genesis 47b NKJV).b. ChamadIn Exodus, this Hebrew word meaning desire, to take pleasure in, or to delight in is translated as covet, being utilized in a negative sense. For example, the tenth commandment indicates that individuals are not to covet anything that belongs to a neighbor (Exodus 2017).c. ZelooThis NT Greek word means to be heated for or to be zealously sought after.This word is either used in a good or evil way, depending upon the context. Forexample, James rebukes believers for desiring things with a sinful motive (James 42). In contrast, capital of Minnesota exhorts believers to desire religious gifts (1Corinthians 141).d. EpithumeoThis Greek word meaning to long for, to lust after, a craving, to have a desire for, or to seek things forbidden is presented in either a negative or positive light, depending upon the context. For example, Jesus revealed to His disciples that many prophets and righteous men de sired to see what you see concerning the kingdom of God.However, the usage of this word whitethorn also denote a sinful desire as in Romans when Paul disclosed that he became aware of his sinful nature when the commandment declared, You shall not covet (epithumeo) (Romans 77). The word of honor appears to indicate that lust (epithumeo) and love are mutually exclusive (1John 215-17). Self-controla. AphaqThis OT Hebrew word means to hold back, desist, or to restrain oneself. Scripture instructs that a wise person will refrain from taking the popular path of the crowd and making sinful choices (Proverbs 18).b. Egkratesmeans to exercise self-government, to have a bun in the oven ones self temperately, or to exhibit self-control. Paul draws upon the competitive edge required to win in athletic events to inspire believers to exercise self-control as he describes, E actuallyone who competes for the prize is temperate in all things (1Corinthians 925a NKJV). Paul reveals that theability t o manifest self-control is the by-product of the work of Gods Spirit deep down a believers life (Galatians 523).Abstinencea. Nazarmeans to separate, consecrate, or to dedicate. For example, men who had consecrated themselves to God with a Nazarite vow must give up (nazar) wine and other souse drinks (Numbers 63a NLT). Though certain individuals whitethorn choose to take a vow that requires abstinence, Miller (1995) asserts, nowhere in scripture is abstinence from alcohol prescribed as a general rule (p. 78). He cautions, intoxicant is now known, for example, to damage brain tissue, and stripes of brain impairment are correlated with amount even in the moderation range (Miller, 1995, p. 78).b. Apexomeans to hold ones self off, refrain, or refrain. The Bible teaches that Gods will is for believers to abstain (apexo) from sexual immorality (1Thessalonians 43). In fact, believers are commanded to abstain from all(prenominal) form of evil (1Thessalonians 522 NKJV). Scholars questio n whether a particular do drugs may be deemed as evil, requiring concluded abstinence. Miller (1995) offers, If a certain drug serves no good and effectual purpose, and there is no known safe level of use which does not cause harm (or pretend of harm) to the person, then the use of that drug might be regarded in itself as sinful (p. 81). He concludes, As in the biblical view of alcohol, the appropriate use of chemicals is generally accepted in society (p. 81). Comparing and Contrasting Biblical Views with Professional Views Addiction DefinedAs the rudder steers a ship, a counselors speculation pull ins the counseling process. To effectively steer the therapeutic session of clients with addictions, counselors must understand the dynamics of addiction. Addiction is defined as self-destructive behaviors that include a pharmacological component. The most stringent application would do the term addiction and the companion label of addict to individuals with a physiological depen dence on one or more illegal drugs. (DiClemente, 2003, p. 3). Addiction involves an escalating pattern involving adjustment (e.g., seeming to be relatively unmoved by ordinary doses) and dependence (e.g., relyingupon the drug to function or feel normal) (Miller, 1995, p. 82). Still, over the past two decades, the definition of addiction has broadened to include any substance use or reinforcing behavior that has an appetitive nature, has a compulsive and repetitive fictional character, is self-destructive, and is experienced as trying to modify or stop (DiClemente, 2003, p. 4).Gambling, shopping, video games, net income pornography, negative view of body image, and even work may be included under the umbrella this broad definition of addiction (LaBerge, 2009, p. 13). The biblical definition of addiction coincides with the expanded definition, equating addiction with common self-absorbed behaviors which produce weird slavery. Welch (2001) clarifies,Addiction is bondage to the r ule of a substance, activity, or state of mind, which then becomes the center of life, defending itself from the truth so that even bad consequences dont bring repentance, and leading to further alienation from God. To locate it on the theological map, look under sin (p. 35). EtiologyCounselors with clients who present with symptoms of alcohol and drug addiction pauperism to have competencies such as an appreciation of addiction, intercession knowledge, how to appropriately integrate treatment modalities, assessment, test, and diagnostic insight (Treatment Improvement Ex switch over, 2010). Scholars debate the origin of addiction, as observed by the variety of proposed sit arounds of addiction. The frameworks of addiction include the distemper ( transmitted/physiological) model, coping/ mixer learning model, personality/intrapsychic model, compulsive/ high-spirited behavior model, and the teach/ backup model (DiClemente, 2003, pp. 9-18). The disease model posits that alcoho lism is the direct result of genetic influences.Yet, researchers demonstrate that genetic factors account for approximately half the jeopardy for alcoholism. (Van Der Walde, Urgenson, Weltz, Hanna, 2002, p. 146). Miller (1993) noted how a pure disease model does not give any role to the psychological factors in treatment (p. 132). Still, there appear to be two types of alcoholism which researchers present as certainty for a genetic influence. Van Der Walde et al. (2002) describe, The first is a severe form of early-onset alcoholism, which often presentsbefore age 21 and is characterized by a high tightness among first-degree relatives (p. 146). The second form does not appear until middle age and seems to be triggered by negative life events such as loss of a significant other or other environmental influences (Van Der Walde et al., 2002, p. 146).The social/environment model emphasizes an individuals lack of coping aptitudes in response to lifes stressors in conjunction with vic arious learning of maladaptive behaviors from others (DiClemente, 2003, p. 13). The coping model theorizes that individuals who are unable to get away with life stressors seek to escape through their addiction, relying upon the addiction for comfort (DiClemente, 2003, p. 13). Pangle (2010) observes, There seems to always be an activated distress associated with addiction. This wound up distress finds relief or so the addict thinks in numbing out and determination a temporary escape from the pain involved (personal communication, January 28, 2010).Hester and Miller (2003) cite several coping skill deficits such as the lack of adequate skills to regulate positive and negative mood states as well as to cope with social-interpersonal situations, including work, parenting, or marital relationships (p. 213). Concerning the social learning aspect of this model, several studies have shown that children and parents tend to exhibit similar drinking practices, indicating that observational learning plays some role in later alcohol use (Ellis Zucker, 1997, p. 222). Soberingly, Dawson, Goldstein, Chou, Ruan, and Grant (2008) demonstrate that individuals who started drinking before 15 years of age were significantly more apparent to experience the incidence of alcohol dependence and alcohol abuse in adulthood than those who slow initiation of drinking until 18 or older (p. 2155).The personality/intrapsychic model seeks a connection amidst the intrapsychic conflicts within an individual or personality traits such as impulsivity, with substance abuse (DiClemente, 2003, pp. 11-12). The compulsive/excessive behavior model links addiction with ritualistic compulsive behaviors like ingeminate hand-washing or cleanup position rituals (DiClemente, 2003, p. 16).The conditioning/ financial backing model relies upon reinforcement hypothesis to explain the etiology of addiction. For example, theintermittent schedule of reinforcement allotted for slot machines assures addictiv e usage for many patrons (Tavares, Zilberman, El-Guebaly, 2003, p. 23).The current literature appears to repudiate the view that physiological dependence is the key element that determines whether a person has an addiction. Instead, the emphasis has become the psychological component that amplifys and maintains addiction. Ksir et al. (2009) reveal, psychological dependence, found on reinforcement, is increasingly accepted as the real driving force behind repeated drug use (p. 36). They indicated that tolerance and physical dependence do not play as a major role as psychological dependence (Ksir et al., 2009, p. 36).Yet, Roberts and Koob (1997) contend that addiction is the by-product of the dual processes of reinforcement and neuroadaptation. They explain, Working together, these factors appear to motivate the initial, short-term (i.e., acute) response to a drug and the establishment of the long-term (i.e., chronic) craving for the drug that characterizes addiction (p. 102).It h as been argued that the cardinal models of addiction described above do not address the etiology and the treatment strategy of the addiction in a comprehensive way. DiClemente (2003) asserts, There is also no single developmental model or singular historical path that can explain acquisition of and recuperation from addictions (p. 19). For instance, the prevalent view concerning alcoholism coincides with the disease model which soul either has or does not have and which has an inevitable progression to more and more drinking, then the only acceptable treatment goal is opera hatow abstinence (Ksir et al., 2009, p. 430). The etiological view directly impacts treatment as seen with Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) which subscribes to the disease model, having total abstinence as the goal (Ksir et al., 2009, p. 430). Evidence-based research also demonstrates effectiveness of psychosocial approaches and indicates that the disease model is too limited in its perspective and application (Mil ler, 1993, p. 132). Still, Miller (1993) contends, Dispositional disease views have remained strangely intermingled with moralistic attitudes toward people who are alcoholic, comprehend alcoholics as prone to lie and deny their problem (p. 131).Therefore, this researcher leans more toward a biopsychosocial model which allows for more of a comprehensive view of the etiology and an eclectic approach to treatment. That is, a descriptive model based on continua of validity and an etiologic model encompassing host, agent, and environmental factors (Miller, 1993, p. 135). Instead of viewing alcoholism as a disease like diabetes (you either have it or you dont), this researcher favors using the analogy of having hypertension which is genetically influenced yet quite responsive to psychosocial factors (Miller, 1993, p. 134).Concerning the bio part of the biopsychosocial view, Scripture seems to endorse certain aspects of the disease model. However, the unhealthiness ultimately appears to be sin (Isaiah 15-6). That is, an addiction such as alcoholism is the symptom of the sin disease (Galatians 521). Jesus refers to the disease model as an illustration of humanitys dilemma and combines this sin disease model with what seems to be the moral model with the call to repentancewhich is the treatment (Mark 217). The psycho coincides with where Scripture instructs believers to renew their minds, identifying the association mingled with thought and behavior (Ephesians 423). The social element is observed in how Paul warns, Do not be misled Bad company corrupts good character (1Corinthians 1533 NLT). For example, a person ought not hang out at the bar, or he will most likely drink.The Scriptural etiological view of addiction begins with an individuals concept of self, God, and other relationships. For example, an addict could be viewed as a person who is unwilling to come to terms with his inaccurate view of self, God, and other relationships. In contrast, a psychologically healthy person is someone who has an accurate understanding of self and does not focus on self. McMinn (1996) instructs that To be healthy, we need to move beyond a preoccupation with self (p. 46). An unsanitary self-concept produces detrimental results. At one extreme, Nebuchadnezzars inflated view of self led to blind rage and insanity (Daniel 318-19 430-34). On the other side of the spectrum, McMinn (1996) described a man with a low view of self which brought forth destructive behaviors such as drinking alcohol overly (p. 47). A healthy view of self does not cause a personto be bring up up with pride nor to be brought down to a permanent condition of wallowing in utter self-loathing.Isaiah unquestionable a balanced sense of self when he gained an accurate vision of God. Isaiahs encounter with God produced genuine brokenness, forgiveness, and a sense of godly competence to fulfill the high call of God (Isaiah 61-8). The primary element that contributed to Isaiahs healthy sens e of self was his open recognition of need. McMinn (1996) asserts that there is only one way to spiritual health, and that requires us to recognize that we need God (pp. 48-49). Therefore, people who have a healthy sense of self recognize their own spiritual poverty and desperate need for God. The subjective, experiential sensing of need for God is an appropriate craving or thirst. Jesus pointed to Himself as the only iodin who truly satisfy this thirst (John 413-14). AssessmentA person who describes an egg as a two-fold object composed of shell and egg white is missing the yolk, therefore lacking the complete definition. Similarly, clinicians who do not include spiritual assessment in gathering data will lack a holistic, whole person perspective of their clients. For example, Hodge (2005) asserts that human beings are an integrated entity, consisting of body, soul, and spirit (p. 316). This triune understanding of a human beings composition is consistent with a biblical worldview (1Thessalonians 523). Still, it is not only if Christian clinicians who recognize the need to include a clients spiritual background within the counseling setting. Hodge (2006) reveals, Growing consensus exists that spiritual assessment is an important aspect of holistic service provision (p. 317).Moreover, the critical point Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), which is the largest health care accrediting body in the United States, now requires the governing body of spiritual assessment (p. 317). A majority of clients have also expressed the desire to incorporate spiritualism within the therapeutic setting (Hodge, 2006, p. 317). Spirituality is frequently at the core of how clients develop their worldview and coping skills (Hodge, 2005, p. 314). This understanding is vital for developing effective strategies with clients addicted to alcohol and drugs.Comprehensive, qualitative spiritual assessment methods include spiritual histories, spiritual lifem aps, spiritual genograms, spiritual ecomaps, and spiritual ecograms. Spiritual histories describe a format that uses questions to explore spiritual and religious base of operationss in the context of an empathic dialogue (Hodge, 2001, p. 205). For example, the counselor presents open-ended questions with a spiritual theme to encourage clients to verbally share their spiritual narrative or story. Examples of questions a clinician may use include When and in what ways do you feel close to the Divine? and How is God involved in your problems? two other assessment tools commonly used to identify the severity of alcohol problems are the Alcohol intent Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the CAGE. These instruments are listed in the NIAAA Guide and are available in computerized versions (Hester Miller, 2006, p. 37). These and other screening tools offer benefits such as providing personalized feedback to clients in a timely and visually engaging flair as well as specific recomme ndations for change, based on the results of the assessment and other empirical evidence (Hester Miller, 2006, p. 37). Corresponding to the transtheoretical model (TTM), a 12-item Readiness to Change scale has been developed as an efficient measure of three stages from the transtheoretical model precontemplation, contemplation, and action (Hester Miller, 2003, p. 100). DiagnosisBefore a mechanic can fix a car with engine trouble, he first must identify the problem. Likewise, appropriate diagnosis precedes effective counseling. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2000), the DSM-IV-TR describes the diagnosis for 303.90 Alcohol Dependence as indicated by evidence of tolerance or symptoms of Withdrawal. Especially if associated with a history of withdrawal, physiological dependence is an indication of a more severe clinical course overall (p. 213). The diagnosis of 305.00 Alcohol Abuse requires fewer symptoms and, thus, may be less severe than Dependence and is on ly diagnosed once the absence of Dependence is established (APA, 2000, p. 214).Instead of being viewed categorically, that is, either a person has analcohol illness or not, researchers suggest that problems or addictions be viewed as being in different dimensional phases. This perspective corresponds to the psychosocial problem theory. Maddux and Winstead (2008) explain, Psychosocial problem theory sees the dimensional responses as the very problems for which people need help, and dimensional measures as sufficient to evaluate, communicate about, and remedy them (p. 143). The criticism that disorder theory has received is because disorder theory prescribes shifting the focus from concrete problem dimensions to abstract mental disorders (Maddux Winstead, 2008, p. 143). This is not to say that categorizing disorders does not have benefits. Vieta and Suppes (2008) expound,Dichotomies are useful for education, communication, and simplification unfortunately, simplicity is useful, but untrue, whereas complexity is true, but useless. In clinical practice, we may use current classifications, such as DSM-IV, as categorical backgrounds that may help in establishing treatment and prognosis (p. 165). ConsequencesResearchers have demonstrated that alcohol use can step-up adolescents exposure to risky situations, such as driving while intoxicated, engaging in unprotected sex, and confronting impetuous exchanges (Hester Miller, 2003, p. 83). Price and Emshoff (1997) reveal, Children of alcoholics (COAs) are at increased risk for a wide range of behavioral and emotional problems, including addiction to alcohol and other drugs (AODs), depression, anxiety, school failure, and delinquency (p. 241).A major reason for the higher risk of problems in COAs is because cross-generational transmission of alcoholism increases in likelihood to the extent that alcoholism invades the family system and disrupts the command of family rituals that is, patterns of behavior that give iden tity and meaning to the family (Jacob, 1992, p. 323). Hester and Miller (2003) assert, Persons drinking three to four drinks per day have a two- to threefold risk for accidents, stroke, liver disease, cancer, and hypertension (p. 65). Scripture asserts that there is a way that seems right to a man, But its end is the way of death (Proverbs 1412 NKJV). Intervention StrategiesResearchers assert that clinicians working with clients addicted to alcohol need to become more comfortable withbrief therapy intervention technique, and motivational interviewing (Hester Miller, 2003, p. 69). motivational interviewing, which aims to increase a patients motivation to change, has been found effective in controlled clinical trials (McCarty, Edmundson, Hartnett, 2006, p. 8). The stages of change according to the transtheoretical model (TTM) include precontemplation, contemplation, preparedness, action, and maintenance (DiClemente, 2003, p. 27).MI is helpful in addressing the clients ambivalency and tipping the decisional balance toward change (Hester Miller, 2003, p. 65). For example, MI has helped motivate clients to move from the precontemplation stage to the contemplation stage or from the preparation stage to the action stage. Four key factors that define MI include expressing empathy, developing discrepancy, rolling with resistance, and living self-efficacy (Miller Rollnick, 2002, pp. 36-41). For example, the counselor conveys acceptance by incorporating listening skills such as reflective listening, paraphrasing, and clarifying.Empathy and acceptance promote an breeze conducive for change. To develop discrepancy, the client rather than the counselor is led to present the arguments for change (Miller Rollnick, 2002, p. 39). Empathy is characteristic of the person-centered approach and is considered the most powerful determinant of client progress in therapy (Corey, 2005, p. 173). Empathy disarms clients defenses and promotes trust within the therapeutic relations hip. Empathy involves demonstrating the act of listening to the subject and understanding the individuals situation and the emotional reaction to it with the purpose of establishing a basic trust relationship (Regini, 2004, p. 2).Without it, there will be no change. In fact, research has shown that the model of therapy is not what determines the effectiveness of therapy, but the quality of the therapeutic relationship. McKergow and Korman (2009) assert, More important are the therapeutic adherence as seen by the client, allegiance of the therapist to their model of choice, placebo effects, and general therapist competence (p. 46). Person-centered theory presumes that the quality of the relationship betwixt the therapist and client is all that determines change(Kirschenbaum, 2004, pp. 116-117).Research has shown that the key predictor in achieving a sure-fire outcome in treatment is a strong therapeutic relationship between the clinician and client (Jennings Skovhalt, 1999, p. 4) . If clinicians do not establish trust in the first phase of the working alliance with their client, their client will be less likely to proceed to the next level that includes shared duty for working out treatment goals (Horvath Luborsky, 1993, p. 563). Clinton and Ohlschalger (2002) insist that trust is vital for without it the client too easily backs away from the difficult challenges inherent to change (p. 205). Trust is established when the client perceives the counselor as caring, sensitive, sympathetic, and helpful (Horvath Luborsky, p. 564). Patients who do improve with medicinal drug often become less consistent with taking their medications over time. A strong alliance has been shown to help in this area. Strauss and Johnson (2006) reveal that patients who reported stronger alliances with their providers reported more positive attitudes about medication and stigma. (p. 220).Spiritual, psychological, and emotional health is interwoven within the fabric of loving relation ships. The author of Hebrews encourage believers to consider one some other in order to stir up love and good works, not forsaking the ingathering of ourselves together, as is the manner of some, but exhorting one another, and so much the more as you see the daylight approaching (Hebrews 1024-25 NKJV). There are necessary times for solitude but disaster awaits people who completely cut themselves off from authentic relationships. Solomon instructs, A man who isolates himself seeks his own desire, he rages against all wise judgment (Proverbs 181 NKJV). Therefore, clients are encouraged to join a small group Bible study, a mens group, a womens group, a cancer support group, or another group conducive to a clients need.Solutions-focused brief therapy (SFBT) employs rapport-building techniques such as active listening. The counselor seeks to understand what the client wants through actively listening and echoes back the past, present, andfuture desires of the client. In addition, act ive listening entails paraphrasing, summarizing, and asking questions. SFBT has been useful in walk-in sessions. Clinical interviewing techniques are designed to move clients away from concentrate primarily on the problem and toward a focus on solutions. Some of these ideas include attending to exceptions to the problem (already existing periods when the problem is not occurring) (Slive, McElheran, Lawson, 2008, p. 14). Other treatment strategies for clients struggling with alcohol dependence and abuse include psycho-education, family therapy, behavior modification, detoxification, and 12-step programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) (Kanel, 2007, p. 176).Hester and Miller (2003) demonstrate, Patients attending AA were significantly more likely to be abstinent than those not attending (p. 182). They also provide a summary of treatment strategies by order of their effectiveness such as coping skills treatment (CST), cue exposure treatment (CET), part nership reinforcement approach (CRA), and community reinforcement and family training (CRAFT) (Miller Hester, 2003, pp. 218, 229-232, 237-240).brewer (2008) presents an combinatory Christian counseling power system called METAMORPH. He delineates that METAMORPH integrative Christian counseling grid represents an eclectic approach to counseling that seeks to responsibly draw upon a plethora of counseling theories within the context of a Christian worldview (Brewer, 2008). Truth drawn out from an individuals life has the tendency to be more easily apprehended and embraced (Proverbs 205). For example, Brewer (2008) integrates choice theory techniques with exploratory questions such as What do you want? What are you doing to get what you want? How is it working for you? Is it the right thing to do?When Adam and Eve were hiding in the garden, God asked them Where are you? God knew where they were, but He wanted them to become self-aware and to consider turning back to Him (Genesis 39- 13). In like manner, Jesus asked His disciples important questions (Matthew 1613, 15).Concerning pharmacotherapy, prescribing medications for mental disorders has been a controversial practice especially in Christian circles. Thisresearcher has been quite wary in the past about any type of drug therapy, because God has given to us all things that pertain to life and godliness through His divine power (2Peter 13a NKJV). In addition, Scripture is sufficient to help believers become complete and mature, equipped for every good work (2Timothy 317b NKJV). The two previous biblical references did not include mention of the need for medications. Yet, it is interesting that soon after, Paul describes one of the requirements for godly leadership as not given to wine, which means to not abuse alcohol or to not be addicted to wine. Two chapters later he instructs Timothy to personally use wine for a medicinal purpose (1Timothy 33a 523 NKJV).This researcher currently holds the view that certain drugs including medications for brain chemical imbalances were given through Gods guidance to benefit humanity. However, just as there is a danger that wine may be abused and lead to tragic consequences, these medications have the potential of being abused. Clinton and Ohlschlager (2002) teach, They psychiatric medications have tremendous potential to help people with problems that can destroy their lives psychologically, medically, and spiritually. However, they must be used with care and at the discretion of someone who is skilled in their administration (p. 152).Drug therapies address the neurobiological dysfunctions which impair emotions and behavioral functioning. Medications are not necessarily the silver bullet in solving all the issues which challenge individuals any more than wine was the cure-all for Timothys problems. Rather, they may help promote enough emotional stability for a client to be able to receive input regarding other issues. An example of a medication that h as been successful in the treatment of alcohol addiction is naltrexone, which is an opiate-antagonist medication. Clinical trials suggest that naltrexone contributes to reductions in the frequency of drinking and severity of relapse among alcohol-dependent patients (McCarty et al., 2006, p. 7). Personal ApplicationAs the rudder steers a ship, a counselors theory guides the counseling process. This researcher believes that a comprehensive counseling theory begins with a biblical worldview that evaluates psychological contributions,human nature, and the systems that shape the human personality, and view of addiction through the lens of Scripture. Psychology often limits its focus to the study of the soul. The word psychology is a combination of the words -ology and psyche.The suffix -ology means the study of. The Greek word psyche in the Bible means a living soul, and it is also defined as the bottomland of the feelings, desires, affections (Blue Letter Bible, 2010). Therefore, psych ology is the study of one of Gods works, the human soul. Theology derives meaning from His word, the Bible. Averbeck (2006) proposes that the iterate knowledge of psychology (knowledge of the human person) and biblical theology (the knowledge of God) is necessary. He expounds, Neither one is complete in itself both need the otherTrue wisdom is bringing the knowledge of God and people together in the midst of the mess which we are and in which we live. This is what the Bible and counseling are in truth all about (p. 111). Therefore, this researcher seeks to integrate theology and psychology into his understanding of addiction.This researcher works in a psychiatric hospital setting. Alcohol dependence and abuse in particular is common within the patient population. Jeannette Sapp, a clinician at the hospital discloses, Alcohol is the drug of choice for many patients because it is available, legal, and relatively inexpensive. many another(prenominal) patients self-medicate their par ticular disorder (personal communication, February 16, 2010).The stages of change are going to become hospital policy concerning patient treatment. The executive program has been encouraging clinicians to consider the specific stage of change each patient they are working with is in. This is a necessary step since each stage of change has different tasks which require appropriate corresponding interventions (DiClemente, 2003, p. 240). DiClemente (2003) asserts, The best way to mirror the process of change is to have a dynamic treatment protocol that can respond to being stuck at various stages as well as to movement through the stages of change (p. 250).It is helpful to understand that addictions are understood as learned habits that once established become difficult to extinguish even in the face of dramatic, and, at times, numerous negative consequences (Jenkins, n. d.). Since addictions are learned habits which develop throughthe stages of change, they can be unlearned and repla ced with healthy and helpful habits as the individual progresses through the stages of change.As applied to believers, Christians are to deal with ambivalence concerning the tug of war between sin and the new nature, and to move along the stages, becoming transformed into the image of Christ from glory to glory by Gods Spirit (Romans 77 2Corinthians 318). Clinton and Ohlschlager (2002) clarify, The effective Christian clinician will be a principled, biblically informed, and responsible for(p) eclectic who knows how to fit the right therapy with the right client at the right time and the right stage of living (p. 176).Christian counselors are to model the divine Counselor. Jesus, the Wonderful, Counselor (Isaiah 96b), has all the qualities for promoting effective client outcomes genuine compassion, ability to comfort, ability to challenge, and a provider of sanctuary for the client. Jesus said that everyone who is perfectly trained will be like his teacher (Luke 640b). Christian co unselors know they will become like the best counseling teacher as they learn from the Master Himself (2Corinthians 318). Jennings and Skovhalt (1999) identified and defined the key characteristics of master therapists. They also gave credit to studies that describe effective therapists who have attributes such as compassion, sensitivity, and commitment to their clients well-being.These qualities describe love. Clinton and Ohlschlager (2002) insist that the most important counseling tool is you (p. 67). Tripp (2002) insists, God never intended us to simply be objects of His love. We are also called to be instruments of that love in the lives of others (p. 18). The goal of this writer is to become a competent and effective counselor. The starting point of reflecting His love is allowing Jesus to be the first love. The AACC cypher of ethics (2004) which states, Christian counselors are dedicated to Jesus Christ as their first love (p. 5), for He solo can truly equip and empower a pe rson to be a tool filled with the agape love everyone needs (John 155 Acts 18).ReferencesAmerican Association of Christian Counselors (AACC), (2004). AACC code of ethics. Forest, VA AACC. American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders text revision (4th ed.). (DSM-IV-TR). Arlington, VA Author. Averbeck, R. (2006). mental institution and corruption, redemption and wisdom A biblical theology foundation for counseling psychology. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 25(2), 111-126. Blue Letter Bible (2010). Strongs exhaustive concordance of the bible definitions for Hebrew and Greek words. Retrieved February 24, 2010 from http//www.blueletterbible.org/ Brewer, G. R. (2008). METAMORPH integrative Christian counseling grid. RetrievedFebruary 25, 2010 from http//bb7.liberty.edu/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab= coursesurl=/bin/common/course.pl?course_id=_568125_session_key= Ljv71oy4g41C9Q43R34dr24n53q99DWq35Qb7rTkBCp Bufford, R.K. ( 1997). Consecrated counseling Reflections on the distinctive of Christian counseling. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 25, 111-122. Clinton, T., Ohlschlager, G. (Eds.). (2002). Competent Christian counseling Foundations practice of compassionate soul care. cobalt Springs, CO WaterBrook Press. Corey, G. (2005). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (7th ed.). Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole. Dawson, D., Goldstein, R., Chou, S., Ruan, W., Grant, B. (2008).Age at first drink and the first incidence of adult-onset DSM-IV alcohol use disorders. alcohol addiction Clinical Experimental Research, 32(12), 2149-2160. DiClemente, C. (2003). Addiction and change How addictions develop and addicted people recover. New York, NY The Guilford Press. Ellis, D., Zucker, R. (1997). The role of family influences in development and risk. Alcohol Health Research World, 21(3), 218-227. Feldman, R. (2008). Development across the life span. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall. He ster, R., Miller, J. (2006). Computer-based tools for diagnosis and treatment of alcohol problems. Alcohol Research Health, 29(1), 36-40. Hester, R., Miller, W. (2003). Handbook of alcoholism treatment approaches Effective alternatives (3rd ed.). Boston, MA Allyn and Bacon. Hodge, D. (2001). A review of major qualitative methods and a new framework for assessing spirituality. Social Work, 46(3), 203-214. Hodge, D. (2006). A template for spiritual assessmentA review of the JCAHO requirements and guidelines for implementation. Social Work, 51(4), 317-326. Hodge, D. (2005). Developing a spiritual assessment toolbox A discussion of the strengths and limitations of five different assessment methods. Health Social Work, 30(4), 314-323. Hodge, D. (2005). Spiritual assessment in marital and family therapy A methodological framework for selecting from among six qualitative assessment tools.Journal of Marital Family Therapy, 31(4), 341-356. Horvath, A., Luborsky, L. (1993). The role of the therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(4), 561-573. Jacob, T. (1992). Family studies of alcoholism. Journal of Family Psychology, 5(3/4), 319-338. Jenkins, D. (n. d.). DiClemente Addiction-change. COUN711. Lynchburg, VA Liberty University. Jennings, L., Skovhalt, T. M. (1999). The cognitive, emotional, and relational characteristics of master therapists. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 3-11. Kanel, K. (2007). A guide to crisis intervention (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole. Kirschenbaum, H. (2004). Carl Rogerss life and work An assessment on the 100th anniversary of his birth. Journal of Counseling Development, 82(1), 116-124. Ksir, C., Hart, C, Oakley, R. (2009). Drugs, society human behavior (13th ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill. LaBerge, R. (2009) Addiction seen as a social problem, not an individual one. CCPA Monitor, 16(3), 13-13. Maddux, J., Winstead, B. (Eds.). (2008).Psychopathology Foundations for a contemp orary understanding (2nd ed.). New York, NY Routledge/Taylor Francis Group. McCarty, D., Edmundson, E., Hartnett, T. (2006). Charting a path between research and practice in alcoholism treatment. Alcohol Research and Health, 29(1), 1-10. McKergow, M. Korman, H. (2009). Inbetweenneither inside nor outside The nucleotide simplicity of solution-focused brief therapy. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 28(2), 34-49. McMinn, M. (1996). Psychology, theology, and spirituality in Christian counseling. Carol Stream, IL Tyndale House. Miller, W. (1993). Alcoholism Toward a better disease model. Psychology of addictive behaviors, 7(2), 129-136. Miller, W. (1995). Toward a biblical perspective on drug use. Journal of Ministry in Addiction Recovery, 2(2), 77-86. Miller, W., Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational interviewing Preparing people for change(2nd Ed.). New York, NY Guilford Press.Mounce, W. (1993). The analytical lexicon to the Greek new will. Grand Rapids, MI Zondervan publication House. NIAA (2010). National institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism occupation crashes, traffic crash fatalities, and alcohol-related traffic crash fatalities, United States, 1982-2 004. Retrieved January 19, 2010, from http//www.niaaa.nih.gov/Resources/ DatabaseResources/ QuickFacts/TrafficCrashes/crash01.htm NIAA (2010). National institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism Estimated economic costs of alcohol in the United States, 1992 and 1998.Retrieved January 19, 2010, from http//www.niaaa.nih.gov/Resources/DatabaseResources/QuickFacts /EconomicData/cost8.htm NIDA (2010). National institute on drug abuse The science of drug abuse and addiction. Retrieved January 19, 2010, from http//www.nida.nih.gov/DrugPages/Alcohol.html Price, A., Emshoff, J. (1997). Breaking the cycle of addiction Prevention and intervention with children of alcoholics. Alcohol Health Research World, 21(3), p241-246. Regini, C. (2004). Crisis intervention for law enforcement negotiators. FBI Law Enforcement Bul letin, 73(10), 1-6. Roberts, A., Koob, G. (1997). The neurobiology of addiction. Alcohol Health Research World, 21(2), 101-106. Slive, A., McElheran, N., Lawson, A. (2008). How brief does it get? Walk-in single session therapy. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 27(4), 5-22.Straus, J., Johnson, S. (2006). Role of treatment alliance in the clinical management of bipolardisorder Stronger alliances prospectively predict fewer manic symptoms. Psychiatry Research, 145, 215-223. Tavares, H., Zilberman, M., El-Guebaly, N. (2003). Are there cognitive and behavioural approaches specific to the treatment of pathological gambling? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48(1), p22-27. Treatment Improvement alter (TIE) (2010). Appendix c Addiction counseling competencies. Retrieved February 27, 2010, from http//tie.samhsa.gov/ Tripp, P. (2002). Instruments in the Redeemers hands People in need of change helping people in need of change. Phillipsburg, NJ P R publication Company. Van Der Walde, H., Ur genson, F., Weltz, S., Hanna, F. (2002). Women and alcoholism A biopsychosocial perspective and treatment approaches. Journal of Counseling Development, 80(2), 145-154. Vieta, E., Suppes, T. (2008). Bipolar IIdisorder arguments for and againsta distinct diagnostic entity. Bipolar Disorders, 10, 163-170. Vine, W., Bruce, F. F. (Ed.) (1981). Vines expository dictionary of old and new testament words. Old Tappan, NJ Fleming H. Revell Company. Webster, N., McKechnie, J. (Ed.). (1983). Websters new twentieth century dictionary (2nd ed.). New York Simon and Schuster. Welch, E. (2001). Addictionsa gap in the grave Finding hope in the power of the Gospel. Phillipsburg, NJ P R Publishing Company.