Medical Records and Privacy of the Famous Essay Example for Free

Medical Records and Privacy of the Famous EssayMedical Records and Privacy of the Famous Privacy seems to be something that m whatsoever people desire, tho is becoming less and less available. With all(prenominal) the new technology, it is easier than ever to invade someones cover. With cameras e reallywhere, from ATMs to peoples cell phones, it is rocky for anyone to do anything that can be kept to one s self. While privacy is a remunerate that the average person doesnt normally fight back with, it is a problem that celebrities encounter everyday. Paparazzi atomic number 18 constantly following these famous people around as they do their everyday things like shopping, playing with their children, partying, or simply hanging in their homes. It is basically the price to pay to be famous. While these celebrities lives are invaded to a large degree, shouldnt they still enjoy the right to keep some aspects of their lives private? Celebrities should have the right to keep thing s like medical exam records private, because not only is it a violation of the Health Insurance Portability and office Act (HIPPA), it is unethical to release medical information to the highest degree someone to the commons, steady celebrities.In recent years, there have been a number of break-ins of laurels medical records that have been leaked to the tabloids. In 2006 one of the countrys leading medical institutions discovered that the security of their medical records had been breached when The National Enquirer printed a grade about Farrah Faucets cancer relapse, before the actress even told any of her family members (Steinhaurer, 2008). Ms. Faucet is not the only celebrity who has had this happen.In 2007, George Clooney was informed that his medical records were accessed by people who didnt have the right to look at them, following a motorcycle crash that left the actor with broken ribs and scrapes. Britney Spears was also a victim when the media reported that she was i nvoluntarily hospitalized in 2008 and put in the psych ward under the thought she could be a danger to new(prenominal)s or herself. Gossip outlets and other news media reported on her interactions with staff and visitors throughout her hospitalization (Techweb, 2008).These are incidents that have occurred for many years, as tabloids are always interested in the medical issues celebrities deal with, and keeping it under wraps is more difficult with technology making it easier for anyone to gain instant access to health secrets. With the advent of networked computers, the problem has increased exponentially, and celebrities are constantly surrounded by people who are willing to trade in medical information for profit or their own 15 proceedings (Blankstein, 2008).While the people who accessed the records of these celebrities and leaked the stories are definitely at fault, I think that much of the blame also lies with the reporters and journalists who actually print and air the stori es. The water closet is violating privacy by releasing these stories in two ways, legally and ethically. Medical privacy rules apply to everybody, including celebrities, Alicia Mitchell, spokesperson for the American Hospital Association said. Everybody is entitled to confidentiality of what is often very personal information (Rhea, 2007). By printing the very private medical information, there was a violation of HIPPA.HIPPA is an act that went into effect in 1996 and it set a national standard for securing and protecting patient health information. Hospitals have strict policies against leaking information, with the exceptions of insurance and law enforcement investigations. Because of this law, many health care providers wont even admit to treating some patients (Techweb, 2008). While the people who leaked the stories to the press have been reprimanded by either suspension or termination, there wasnt any grapheme of consequences for the press for reporting this illegal material. That brings me to the ethical violation. Depriving people of their privacy is a cruel and immoral act, which could destroy their lives. The sole objective of tabloids is to make money, so theyll go to any extreme to satisfy their readers and increase circulation figures (Heng, 2006). It is obvious that celebrity news is an outlet that sells, as seen by the numerous tabloids and entertainment shows. The public has an interest in what is spill on in the lives of these rich and glamorous people.This brings on a form of mediated voyeurism, which can be defined as, the consumption of revealing images and information about others real and unguarded lives, not always for the purpose of entertainment but frequently at the expense of privacy and discourse, through the means of the mass media (Calvert, 2000). essentially saying that the public has a need to see these famous people and learn about their lives, even at the risk of invading their privacy. The tabloids simply apply the publics desire to learn these things, regardless of the ethical issues of invading a human beings privacy.They know people will get it and that they will make money. I think that to be an ethical journalist it is important to empathize with the person whose life is about to be splashed on the papers. Of course there is the matter of getting the report and pleasing the readers and the editor, but it should take into account the publics real right to know. A story about the health of someone like the President of the United States might be something worth printing, because knowing how he is medically is of public interest because this is a man that is running the country.However, that is a different scenario with someone like Britney Spears. She is simply an entertainer and it isnt important for the public to know her health because it will not incite the daily lives of people. It is simply news that the public likes to learn about. If I were a journalist, I would like to think to myself how I would feel if someone had released my medical records for the public to read. I would feel very violated. As Lance Morrow states, Good journalistic standards are not difficult to state, just tough sometimes when applied eggshell by case.Journalists function best when they are mature, experienced, and intelligent when they keep their work as clear and simple as possible when they fall back upon decency and common sense if questions arise about whether to run a piece (Morrow, 2002). If these people were true journalists, they would think ethically about whether or not to release this type of information, and whether or not it is simply the decent thing to do. I would think that it would be an easy answer because, just because someone is famous, doesnt mean that all of their privacy rights should be violated.

Gold Bear Golf INC. Essay Example for Free

Gold Bear Golf INC. Essay1.The professional analyzeing standards have a set of five management assertions. Of the five assertions, three argon very important in regards to the Paragon visit. The descriptions below, audit procedure is explained that would have ensured the audit was completed accurately. a.Occurrence- The management assertion that ensures a particular transaction genuinely happened. In the case of a construction company such as Paragon, this could be verified by going to a job site and checking to calculate if the job is actually happening. b.Valuation/Allocation- The management assertion that ensures the transactions atomic number 18 accounted for the correct amount. Changing from percentage-of completion method to the earned value method resulted in importantly overstated revenues and material misstatements in the financial statements. The audit procedure that should take place in this situation is inspection of the records. Looking back at the records woul d give the change was not supported by the accepted accounting standards. c.Presentation/Disclosure- The management assertion that ensures all changes within a company atomic number 18 stated in the notes of the financials. These changes should be easy to understand and depict a complete picture of the company from the year. The audit procedure that should have taken place during the audit is inquiry. Sullivan and the rung should have questioned the managers on his or her decisions instead of taking their word as to why the changes were made.2.The audit failures the SEC were referring to was the fact that Sullivan and his staff relied on the managers word. Sullivan and staff did not perform the accurate assertions to test the information provided from Paragons managers. The audit partner, Sullivan in this case, is the individual who is in charge of ensuring everyone on the audit is performing his or her job completely and accurately. Sullivan will take the blunt of the responsibi lity beca white plague he is ultimately the person who is in charge of overseeing the auditing the audit as a whole, but the audit staff should also face consciences from the findings.3.A high risk audit means the chance that of material misstatement and fraudulent activities are significantly high. Weak controls, changes in management, and changes in accounting methods are several reasons why an auditor would conclude a company is a high risk engagement. The audit partner basis the risk of engagement on his or her observations from the company. When working a highrisk engagement, an auditor will examine a higher percentage of the transactions from throughout the year. Checking more transactions means the auditors are going to produce the most accurate financials possible and ensuring no fraudulent activities are taking place within the company.4.Auditors do have the responsibility of following the AICPA Audit and Accounting Guides for specialized industries. The AICPPA set guidel ines for companies in these industries to follow to ensure the overthrow product is of highest quality. Auditors should make sure the managers are following all of the rules and regulation set forth for that type of company, but these guidelines should never override or tack the Statements on Auditing and Standards. The Statement and Auditing Standards is the rule book for how and what is to be performed in an audit. the AICPA should make the Audit and Accounting Guides for specialized industries in accordance with the Statement and Auditing Standards so the companies are operating with the highest quality, in both products and financial standing.5.When making a change in the accounting principle used within a company, there has to be very good reason why the company wants to. When these changed are made, they must be presented retrospectively. Managers must produce the financial statements for the past several years so the public can see the effects it has on the company. On the other hand, the changes in accounting estimates are applied prospectively. Managers use the new method in estimating cost and revenues from that point forward. The changes Paragon made are for accounting estimates. The percentage-in-completion method and the earned value method are accounting estimate methods. Boyd and Curbello will use the new method from that point forward. The problem Paragon ran into is disclosure. The changes were not properly disclosed in the financials. This is a problem because two method result in very different numbers for the company.

Interaction nexus between real estate market and macroeconomics

Interaction inter-group communication surrounded by original demesne market and macro economicalalsIn this chapter, I result review the subsisting interrogationes ab out(p) the fundamental interaction nexus between accepted ground market and macroeconomics while analyzing and summarizing the data structure and the methodologies used. Considering Chinas specific subject conditions and policies, I will shed light on Chinese hovictimization falsifiable studies, and estimate their seek from different economic aspects, expecting to provide a useful perspective for my further look for.Ho employ impairment is the expenditure form by two supply and supplicate sides in the very soil market. According to the fluctuations in prop wrongs in each country, house charges generally require three characteristics endicity, city differences, and blather. Periodicity refers to how historical state price fluctuations argon cyclically or periodically associated with both micr oeconomic and macroeconomics fluctuations.Early in the 1960s, after Richard Muth (1960) strictly developed a lodging market competitive theory, a lot of economist studied the ho apply market from the perspective of microeconomics. In 1969, under a lot of assumptions, Olsen (1969) imbed that if the house market were perfectly competitive, the poor would not pay more per unit for caparison. However, in the survey done by Richard Arnott (1987), which reviewed the microeconomic postureing of the housing sphere developed at that time, it was establish that even if the competitive theory of housing market is reasonably sophisticated and well developed, it is notwithstanding hard to as legitimate the adequacy of it in developing the effects of a particular housing insurance policy since there are no well-articulated alternative models.Then, in subsequently years, scholars focused more on the study of the birth between the accredited estate market and macroeconomic basics. Acco rding to personal line of credit cycle theory, there is interaction between real estate prices and macroeconomic fundamental variables. One or more macroeconomic variables will cause fluctuations in real estate prices, besides, in the meantime, changes in the real estate constancy in any case will lead to macroeconomic unpredictability. In the change process, they formed a mutually reinforcing interaction mechanism. On the basis of the existing literature, macroeconomics adjoin real estate prices primarily through the real estate supply and take aim, which stomach be subdivided into GDP, income, consumption, interest rates, exchange rates, puffiness, grammatical construction costs, place down prices, pious platitude cite, and other basic economic variables. In ramble to understand the violation of real estate price fluctuations on the macroeconomics, to the highest degree existing studies contemplated from the perspective that the prices affect total consumption and t otal investment.Since there is a close relationship between real estate prices and macroeconomic volatility, the empirical research of their interactive relationship has al expressions been very important in the field of economics. At present, the relevant research literatures can be divided into dickens categories (a) The first type importantly analyses the relationship between real estate prices and the whole macroeconomic basic principle (b) The second type analyzes the relationship between real estate prices and one or several specific macro-basic variables (GDP, income, interest rates, investment and so on). We will now detail the two types.2.2 Housing prices and macroeconomic fundamentalsThe real estate industry has become a mature industry in umpteen developed countries. According to existing literature, well-nigh of the economists empirical research is derived primarily from the perspective of equilibrium theory. Based on the traditional regression analysis model, they used more independent linear systems, numerical economic models and others to analyze the dataGenerally speaking, the macroeconomic fundamentals will affect the investment, credit, and overly, the change of interest rate will affect the supply of real estate. On the other hand, economic appendage will affect the income and thus affect the demand for real estate. According to equilibrium theory, under the market competition mechanism, the market will eventually be cleared through real estate prices.However, Case and Shiller(1987, 1989, 1990) found that the housing market does not appear to be very effective it is contrary to the efficient market hypothesis. Then, in Clapp and Giaccottos study (1994), they not only confirmed Case and Shillers (1987, 1989, 1990) result but also found macroeconomic changes have a estimable predictive ability for real estate prices. Clapp and Giaccotto (1994) used the data of East Hartford, Manchester, and West Hartford over the period from October 1 , 1981, to September 30, 1988, with 2 methods the repeat gross sales method and the assessed value (AV) method. They found that the local unemployment and expected inflation have considerable fortune telling ability for the housing prices and compare with the first-time house, the repeat housing exponent is more sensitive in the short run due to the lagged economic factors It showed the housing market does not meet the efficient market hypothesis (Clapp and Giaccotto, 1994).With a much dogged-life data set than common literature, Holly and Jones (1997) provided a more universal perspective on the behavior of housing prices in UK. In order to seek the co-integrating relationships between housing prices and long run, they ran a regression with the housing prices and economic factors such as real income, the user cost, and building society alter. The results showed that, with the riddance of population, al just about all the factors were rejected at the 1% level in the unit root test, and that the most important determinant of real housing prices was real income the dynamic adjustment of housing prices is asymmetrical it depends on whether housing prices are below or above the long run equilibrium. When housing prices are above equilibrium, they seem to adjust back more quickly (Holly and Jones, 1997).But, Br suffer, Haiyan, and McGillivray (1997) thought that since the early 1980s, the UK housing market had suffered a number of structural changes consequently, the parameter was in unchangeable, meaning those models that grow the underling data-generating process are not appropriate. Under an assumption that the economic system is unstable, they adopted the Time Varying Coefficient (TVC) methodology, and found TVC specification outperforms the alternative aeonian parameter specifications of housing prices. Because most of the models have failed to predict the 1992 housing price downturn, part of further research was planned to use the TVC specification to examine the models forecasting ability beyond 1992.Using the data in the past 25 years of 6 European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the UK), Iacoviello (2002) established dynamics of house prices by using a tractable value at risk framework in a straightforward way, which we call SVAR model. He pointed out that house price inflation is highly sensitive to the forces movement economic fluctuations different housing and credit market institutions mash different role in the IS-LM Phillips curve paradigm, but this relationship might change with the ever-changing of institutions in admission, regulatory legal structure and new pecuniary policy also will affect that relationship (Iacoviello, 2002). Similarly, using the SVAR model, DeHaant and Sterken (2004) studied 13 developed countries real estate markets. Their results showed that, to one country, compared with stock, housing plays a more important role in consumption and output when housing price raise 1%, consumption will raise 0.75% when housing price raise 1.5%, GDP will raise 0.4% (DeHaant and Sterken, 2004).In the Asian market, Quigley (2002) pointed out that, although most of the existed models can generate patterns of housing price changes over time in response to varying conditions in economic fundamentals, there was little research on the effect of changes in property markets upon subsequent economic conditions. With his empirical study, he determined that economic fundamentals do not explain most of the variation in the housing prices in short run, and that there were many bubbles in Asian property market during the late 1990s (Quigley, 2002). At the aforementioned(prenominal) time, Miki Seko (2003) adopted the SVAR model to analyze the Japanese housing prices. In his paper, the results showed there is a strong relationship between Japanese housing market and its economic fundamentals and by analyzing the economic factors, the development of the real estate market can be pr edicted (Miki Seko, 2003).It is clear that housing is not just a traffic pattern consumption goods, it is a large share of the overall macro-economy. Significant fluctuations in macro-economy would cause significant volatility in housing market. On the other hand, the volatility in housing market also implies the fluctuations in macro-economy. However, the interactive nexus between housing market and the different aspects of macro-economy is different. Thus, besides the studies that analyzed the macro fundamentals-housing market, most economists study from different angles to examine the interactive nexus between housing market and one or several specified macro variables.2.3 macro-basic variables2.3.1 Supply and demandTheoretically, price is determined by supply and demand sides. In the housing market, the relationship between supply and demand is formed by many macroeconomic factors, and with the changes in these factors, supply and demand continues to change. Therefore, some ec onomists thought the greatest shock absorber on housing prices comes from the supply and demand, and have dedicated their research in this area.Normally, in the real estate industry, the supply side is mainly affect by land price, facilities costs, construction tax, construction exploration and design cost, and so on. And, among them, land price is the most important factor.Since housing is a product, it is not just a demand price, but also a supply price. In the real estate economic activities, land purchase and development is the beginning and the foundation, and land purchase cost is the most important part of housing costs. From the supply perspective, the land price fluctuations are an important factor in housing price volatility. On the contrary, due to land supply is restricted by the natural there is a lack of flexibility. Therefore, land price is mainly decided by its demand side, which is mainly composed by the real estate business. The real estate industry has a huge im pact on the land market as well.In order to examine the interactive nexus between housing price and land price, Peng and Wheaton (1994) analyzed the Hong Kong market. Because Hong Kong is a small island with a fixed boundary, it would be clear what the influence of land supply on housing prices. Using a modified stock-flow model, their results showed that the supply restrictions in Hong Kong have caused higher housing prices but not lower housing output (Peng and Wheaton, 1994). Similar outcomes can be found in Alyousha and Tsoukis (1999) study. They employed the quarterly data from England and Wales from the period Q1, 1981-Q2, 1994 to explore the implications of intertemporal optimization for house and land prices (Alyousha and Tsoukis, 1999).Adopting a simple housing flow supply model, which is establish on the Euler equation (Hall, 1978), they found that, under a perfect competition, house prices are co-integrated with land prices and house building costs. But, through the Grang er test, Hall (1987) found housing price is not the land prices cause. Also, after an econometric analysis of American cities, Edward, Joseph and Hilber (2002) determined that land price was positively correlated with regional economic development, the level of human capital, and have no direct relationship with housing price.As for demand side, existing research usually examined from the aspects which are disposable income, GDP, property taxation, population and so on. There is a large diverse literature related to the housing and taxation because it is clearly that property taxation would directly affect the housing purchasing decisions, and further affect the housing demand. Just like United States, the tax system seems to favor housing ownership in many countries. Thus, Dimasi (1987) employed a computable, spatial general equilibrium model and found out that differential tax treatment on land and capital can cause a significant social welfare loss. Many other general equilibrium models also found out tax policies that favor the housing sector would lead to a significantly nix impact on both housing sector and aggregate income.From another special perspective, Mankiw and Weil (1989) examined the relations between demography-induced changes in housing demand and real house prices in the United States. They thought that the Baby Boom generation into its house-buying ages was the major cause of the increase in housing prices in the 1970s and the housing demand would grow more slowly in the next decade because of the population structure. Changes in housing demand will further affect the housing price (Mankiw and Weil, 1989)). However, unlike the estimations of Mankiw and Weil (1989), Gary and James (1990) using postwar data from Canada, and found that even if the demographic patterns were similar in Canada and United States, the aggregate time series correlation between shifting demographics and real house prices is distinctly different. From the empirical an alysis, they considered there is a statistically insignificant, but in most cases, demographic demand is negative associated with house prices (Gary and James, 1990).2.3.2 Monetary policyGenerally speaking, as an overall policy, monetary policy is mainly relate to control the trend and fluctuations of aggregate demand the impact on the real estate market and the sensitivity of the housing price should be limited. However, as the changing in the structure of global pecuniary markets and developing in real estate industry, the nexus between them has become more and more close, monetary sector has become an important reference indication in the housing market. It is also proved in Alan, John and Brians (2005) study. They found, in eighteen major industrial countries, certain financial conditions (ample liquidity, low interest rates, and financial deregulation) were usually present in past housing price surges, and could conceivably raise the probability of the intensity or the occu rrence of the rise.As for interest rate, considering from the supply side, when it turn down, real estate investment and real estate mortgage loans will continuously pour into the real estate industry, and promote housing prices continuing to rise. But, as for the demand side increasing in interest rates will directly affect consumers credit repayment costs so that some consumers would out of the housing market, which affecting the real estate demand, and further led to corresponding changes in real estate prices. By studying the impact of real and nominal interest rates on real estate prices, Harris (1989) thought that changes in real interest rates could explain the market price level nominal interest rates affect housing price only when the real estate value is expected to rise.Among the monetary policy, bank credit and investment are the most important determinates. As the real estate industry is capital-intensive industry, and most of the funds come from the bank credit and in vestment, the change in bank load will significantly affect the supply of real estate industry. Besides, a large part of real estate loans are mortgage loans, the value of real estate products in the market determines the size of the loan amount in this industry. In 2004, Davis and Zhu (2004) discovered, in the long term, bank credit is positively correlated with house prices, and effect of housing price on the bank credit is very significant, but in their paper, the reverse impact was still uncertain.Matteo (2005) developed and estimated a monetary business cycle model with nominal loans and collateral constraints tied to housing values. Since collateral effects allow the model match the positive response of real spending to a housing prices shock, Matteo (2005) found fall in the housing prices will reinforced the impact negative monetary shock on real rate, consumption and output. Similarly, based on the Hong Kong sample, Gerlach and Pengs (2005) thought property prices would dete rmine bank dedicate, but, it was interesting that they found bank lending does not appear to influence property prices in Hong Kong.2.3.3 CyclesEmpirical evidence shows that there is a cyclical movements and volatility in the housing market, and obviously, this kind of cyclical movements would relate to the economic cycles. Economics found that it would be useful and interesting to explore these movements in the housing market, thus many studies examined the housing-economy cycle relationship from both qualitative and quantitative aspects. Greenwood and Hercowitz (1991) and Baxter (1996) build up a dynamic general equilibrium models to reproduce the co-movement of business and residential investment that observed in the US. Davis and Heathcote (2001) also considered that, in the US, the residential investment lead the cycle while the non-residential investment lags the cycle, and this co-movement between housing market and macro-economy has been documented for several countries.Al so, economics often analyze real property market tie to long cycles. Gottlieb (1976) considered, the amplitudes of housing cycles are larger than typical business cycles, and the periodicity might be significantly longer than those of the business cycle. For instance, Ball (1998) showed, in UK, new commercial property cycles have a 10 years duration while they are independent of the business cycle. Employing the cross-country data and the Kalman Filter technique, Ball (1999) again found significant long cycles of new construction, which with periodicity of 20-30 years in both residential and non-residential real estate markets.As we can see, the importance and sensitivity of real estate prices attracted a large number of scholars to concerned. Based on the review above, the existing literatures are mainly adopting the cross-section data and time series data, so that the specific econometric methods of housing models are mostly focusing on traditional run-of-the-mine least squares m odel (OLS), value at risk model (VAR), tractable value at risk framework in a straightforward way (SVAR), co-integration and so on.2.4 Empirical evidence in the Chinese contextCompare with developed countries, Chinese real estate market started relatively late. But along with Chinas rapid economic development, the real estate industry is also showing a good development trend. As real estate investment occupies a very high proportion of total investment in fixed assets, and the volatility in real estate market is closely related to macroeconomic and national policy, the issue of housing prices is not only related to a citys development, but also related to financial security and the living cost of frequent people. Thus, Chinese economists have also attached great importance to the development of the real estate market, and conducted extensive research. However, since the late development of Chinas statistical system, the database is not perfect, most of the Chinese scholars just ana lyzed the relationship between housing market and macroeconomic theoretically, empirical studies are relatively small.2.4.1 FundamentalsFirst, because of the importance impact of macro fundamentals on real estate prices, using appropriate data and models to estimate the nexus between them has always been the focus of Chinese economists. Adopting the housing index and macro fundamental data (1995-2002) of 14 cities, Shen and Liu (2004) employed a mixed regression, and empirically examined the relationship between housing prices and economic fundamentals. The results showed the impact of macro fundamentals on housing market is quite different in different cities. The explain model was significant affected by the city characteristics (Shen and Liu, 2004).Song and Wei (2009) using a co-integration and vector error modified model, and considered that, in long run, there is a long-term stability of the dynamic equilibrium between real estate prices and macroeconomic but when short-term im balances, it becomes into a negative feedback mechanism. Song and Wei (2009) also found that fluctuation of GDP and inflation is the Granger cause of housing price volatility and the impact of interest rates is not significant. Based on partial least-squares regression (PLS), Wang and Xie (2010) estimate the annual data of China within the period of 1999-2008. They thought land prices, capital size and national wealth are the top three factors that affect Chinas price changes at present although the influence of long/middle-term loan rate is weak, money supply do play a very prominent role in Chinas housing prices volatility (Wang and Xie, 2010).In addition to the analysis of real estate market and macro fundamentals, Chinese economists also studied the housing market from different economic perspective and tie to their own national circumstances and policies.2.4.2 bolt down priceAs the reforming of Chinese housing system and land system, the housing sales prices were climbing high er and higher until the financial crisis in 2008, but, after a short depression, the price still maintain the rising trend. General view is that, due to the land purchase cost is the main cost which constitute the housing costs, high land prices is the main reason of high housing prices. Especially after the Ministry of Land Resources released two new policy1of land sale, more people think that the skyrocketed of housing prices is because of the high land prices. The policies require that any commercial, tourist, entertainment, commercial housing and other kinds of business land essential be transferred by tender, auction or listing mode. After the new land policies, the land transfer cost rose sharply and almost in the same period, the housing prices have skyrocketed as well.Thus, from the point of view of China Real Estate Association, Yang (2003), Bao (2004) and Cheng (2004) thought since a large number of land minutes using auctions, land prices increased dramatically. And lan d purchase costs account for 30% percent of the housing prices, hence construction costs raised, further driving a rapidly rise in housing prices this Cost-push theory was also supported by a large number of real estate developers (Yang, 2003 Bao, 2004 Cheng, 2004). But, Ministry of Land Resources hold the opposite view. Deputy Minister Fu (2006) considered that even if the tender, auction or listing transaction mode will lead an increase in land prices, it might not raise the housing price, the most important factor affecting housing prices is still supply and demand in the housing market. On the contrary, Fu (2006) thought, land is a production factor of real estate industry the demand for land is generated by the demand for housing, therefore, huge demand in housing market and the rapidly increase in housing prices makes demand for land, and further drive the land prices rise.However, Wang and Wu (2009) did not agree both of them. Employing the panel data from 28 regions, they fo und, in China, although land prices promoting housing prices in long-run and housing prices driving an increase in land prices in both long-run and short-run, this mechanism depends on the region. Wand and Wu (2009) thought that the interaction between land prices and housing prices is different in different regions, so the relationship between them should be implement regional studies and cannot be generalized.2.4.3 Bank creditAfter the 1997 Asian financial crisis, in order to stimulate economic growth, China implemented a proactive monetary and monetary policy repeatedly issued bonds, reduced interest rates several times, vigorously infrastructure real estate industry become a national priority support industry and the financial sector continue to increase the real estate credit. But until now, Chinas banking system is still not perfect most of the loans are mortgage loans, therefore, value of real estate products in the market will directly determine the size of credit.Typically , the credit will play two roles in the housing market. If the real estate prices cyclical rising, since financial institutions anticipate the housing prices can keep rising in the following, banks will relax lending conditions, thus, the increasing housing prices will directly lead to the upswing in real estate bank credit. Because of land and real estate products supply is very springless in the short-term, to some extent, the upswing in real estate bank credit will further push up house prices increase. By the same token, the decline in house prices leads to a decline in the quality of bank assets, reduce the size of bank funds, so banks will abate the amount of credit, which will further decrease the housing prices.Based on the panel data of credit and housing market, Li (2004) considered that among Chinas current macro-economic control policy, credit policy play the most significant role in the real estate market. He also believed the flexibility of supply side and demand side is different, so the impact of monetary policy on the supply is greater than that on demand (Li, 2004). Employing the error subject field model and VAR model, Zhong and Yan (2009) thought that there existed a stable equilibrium relationship between the volatility of real estate prices and credit in long-run. After the Granger test, Zhong and Yan (2009) found real estate prices and the amount of real estate credit influence each other and they both are the Granger cause for each other. Studying on the East Asian financial crisis, Xiang and Li (2005) also believed bank credit expansion played a very important role in the formation of the real estate bubble in East Asian countries. Thus, in order to ensure the health of Chinas real estate development, it should strengthen the financial system construction and regulation (Xiang and Li, 2005).2.4.4 OthersIn addition, through calculating the Lerner index2(Lerner, 1934) of the real estate market in China, Li (2005) considered the level o f monopoly in Chinas real estate market is very high. evening if as the market economy developing, the competition in the real estate market will gradually get better, but this process will be very slow (Li, 2005). And from another special perspective, Yin (2010) thought the existence of North paradox3behavior (North, 1981) in the local government is an important cause of housing price fluctuations. Local government is lack of intrinsic motivation to stabilize the real estate market local governments various rescue policies are also mainly based on the purpose of obtain more land transfer fees thus just depends on local governments behavior can not maintain healthy and sustainable development of the real estate market, the central government should implement more effective macroeconomic policies (Yin, 2010).Comparing with foreign literatures, Chinas real estate market research also adopting cross-section data, time series data, especially panel data. Relevant econometric methods ar e co-integration approach, Granger test, error correction model (ECM), and panel data model in the meantime, the analysis about the impact of macroeconomic policy is also Chinese economists priority concerns.2.5 DeficienciesHowever, for the following aspects, Chinas research is still inadequateThe studies on macroeconomic policy are more focused on the theoretical analysis they are lack of a comprehensive empirical analysis.Currently, the analysis of macroeconomic fluctuations is mainly under an assumption of closed economy. But, with economic globalization, Chinas real estate market will be more affected by international economic development, so the discussion of the relationship between the real estate prices and macro economic fluctuations that under an open economy is more meaningful.There is no analysis of government expenditure in Chinas real estate literatures. However, according to macroeconomic theory, government investment will promote mystical investment, thereby affecti ng the real estate investment and price. So, the empirical quantitative estimation about the real estate prices and government spending will contribute to the in-depth analysis of the relationship between the government and the real estate market.

Importance of Authenticity in Tourism

Importance of Authenticity in touristryHow important is legitimacy in tourism?IntroductionThe intend of this study record is to explore the theme of acceptedity as expounded by distinct authors. The record will provide an over depend of my reading during the course of the year, and will baffle an examination of the assorted approaches to the topic by the selected authors, and present these approaches in the wider context of writing on the impressiveness of authoritativeity in tourism.Daniel Boorstin (1964, 1985) The Im get on with A subscribe to to Pseudo-Events in America. 2nd ed. New York AthenaeumBoorstin writes about the demise of the passler who seeks authentic experiences and the rise of the great unwashed tourism. For Boorstin, real travel belonged to a golden age that was now lost where whatever the traveller saw was apt to be what re every(prenominal)y went on there. Whereas contemporary travel was a pseudo-event made up of specimens collected and embalmed especi ally for him, or attractions specifically staged for him (1961102).Boorstin was adamant that the holidaymaker no longer destinyed authenticity, even going so far as to argue that a French singer singing in accented English was more appealing to the Anglophone tourist than the singer singing in her primaeval language. Similarly, says Boorstin (1961 106), the Ameri net visiting Japan is non looking for authentic Japanese culture just rather what is Japenesey. These contrived experiences had four characteristics, said Boorstin, they ar not spontaneous or natural, they are designed to be reproduced, the relationship between the event and reality is ambiguous, and the contrived event becomes normal over time as it becomes perceived as being authentic.The theme in Boorstins book is that mass tourism is an impediment to experiencing other cultures and that the masses do not want to experience authentic culture anyway, preferring the contrived to the authentic. In reading Boorstin, his scepticism comes through very clearly alone also you are left with a lingering moxie of the authors arrogance. True authentic experiences could only be encountered in the golden age when none but the truly soused could afford to travel. For Boorstin, the opening of the leisure market to a wider range of social classes ruined the authenticity of the experience for the privileged and the educated and gave access to travel to great deal who couldnt possibly understand the experience except at the most base and contrived level. Boorstins approach was taken forward by MacCannell who contest that tourists wanted pseudo-events and it is McCannells work we shall consider next.Dean MacCannell (1989) A new theory of the leisure class. 2nd ed. University of California Press.This book was first published in 1976 and appears to be cited widely in books and articles on authenticity in tourism. MacCannell writes from the perspective that progressiveness has failed people and people use to urism to give their lives greater sense and meaning, and in seeking sense and meaning in other cultures people are highlighting that they feel isolated and alienated in their own culture. Tourists disenchantment with the nature of work in industrial society drives them to travel and to travel further, as they try to penetrate the back of life where truth and authenticity dismiss be found.This notion of life having a attend, back and outsidecame out of the work of Goffman (1959) who used the metaphor of the stage to examine the perceptions of the man-to-man to the performance. The front stage is the official perspective, objet dart the backstage is presented as being more honest as the individual has an awareness of the disputes and difficulties that are occurring. The outside represents segregation where the individual is unable to gain access to what is going on on stage. Authenticity in tourism, says MacCannell, comes from an awareness of what is going on behind the scenes wh ere all is not sanitised for public consumption.MacCannell highlights the falseness of the distinction between mass tourist, police detective, travel writer and authentic traveller and puts forward the view that the mass tourist is as ofttimes in search of authenticity as the researcher or travel writer. MacCannell notes longstanding touristic attitude, a pronounced dislike, bordering on hatred, for other tourists, in a they are the tourists I am not equation (1989 602). MacCannells perspective particularly resonated with me as when travelling I have noticed people, including myself, wanting to distinguish themselves as separate from the masses, any(prenominal)how being more distinguished or more credible as independent travellers rather than mass tourists. As rise up as noting the views of those who think that tourism will ultimately destroy itself1, Im also starting to recognise the irony of my travelling to seek an authentic travel experience while at the same time willingly participating in the growth of tourism. However, while MacCannells perspective does resonate, I would suggest that MacCannells position is on one sense just as polarised as Boorstins. From Boorstin (1985), we get the perspective that all that tourists want is a superficial and contrived experience, whilst MacCannell proposes that all tourists are in pursuit of the real back and authentic experience but are denied this by being presented with inauthenticity. In reality, it seems likely that the truth would be some where in between.Erik Cohen (1995) Contemporary Tourism-Trends and Challenges Sustainable Authenticity or Contrived Post-Modernity?, in Change in Tourism People, Places, Processes, edited by Richard Butler and Douglas Pearce. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge.Cohen has written extensively on authenticity in tourism across several decades and as well as challenging existing ideas, it is clear that he has enjoyed conducting fieldwork and written a substantial amount o n tourism development in developing countries. Cohen notes that while tourism has hugely benefited the country in terms of economic development there are signifi heapt guttlesides including the growth of Thailands sex trade and related criminal activities. Cohen breaks Thailands tourism development down into four areas of change. The first is what he terms the massification of the pains which denotes the huge rise in the numbers of tourists entering the country. The second is the dispersion of tourism, from Bangkok and its environs across the country from Phuket in the south to Chiang Mai in northern Thailand. Tourism is continuing to spread in Thailand, with tourists venturing into the Golden Triangle in the north and into areas such as Krabi in the south. The third change identified by Cohen in that of heterogenisation, which is the process in which the nationalities of the tourists and the variety of attractions and amenities become more similar. Finally, says Cohen, there is regionalization at work. This give the bounce be seen by Thailands positioning of itself at the heart of an emerging regional tourism industry in Southeast Asia which includes Burma, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam.As the tourism industry in Thailand develops, the Thai government is trying to advertise international tourism due to its greater revenue generating potential but is also trying to encourage domestic tourism. The reason for this is that domestic tourism minimizes foreign exchange leakage from the economy. The growth in tourism leads to continuing expansion into new areas and the further variegation of tourist activities, including the development of both natural and contrived activities. How these activities will balance out depends on dependent the Thai tourist economy depends on Europe, as Cohen notes that European tourists generally prefer contrived attractions such as shopping, theme parks and entertainment facilities. There will also be an increasing var. between the tourist image of an idyllic location and the increasing pollution and urban development of Thailands beach towns. The increasing development of Thailand has led some to argue that there should be a greater focus on authentic tourism and ecotourism is particularly promoted by some writers (Bottrill and Pearce, 1995 Honey, 1998). Cohen, however, argues that ecotourism principles are applicable to any type of tourism and that stringent or pocket definitions of ecotourism are unnecessarily restrictive.From Cohens perspective, most tourists engage in mass tourist activities as well as ersatz activities. The desire for authenticity back tooth be measured by the tourists willingness to forgo eases such as comfort itself, familiarity and convenience in order to achieve what they perceive is a more authentic experience. Mass tourism and authentic tourism are not alternatives but a spectrum or continuum where the search for authenticity can be observed and measured. The importance of Coh ens work is in how it has continued to challenge and develop our discretion of authenticity. As we saw earlier, McCannells (1976) scholarship focused on the cin one casepts of alienation and authenticity but Cohen took this further. Cohen broadened McCannells conceptions and applied them to tourists perceptions of authenticity.Cohen has also developed the work of Boorstin2. As has been noted, Boorstin was very pessimistic about authenticity and his approach remained that of a sceptic. For Cohen, however, the idea of a universal authenticity was questioned and challenged. Cohen comes to the conclusion that authenticity means different things to different people and therefore what appears authentic to one tourist (or host) will not appear authentic to another. Building on this, we can see that the importance of authenticity can also be determined to be socially constructed, and its importance variable depending on the perceptions of the person considering the issue. This appears simi lar to the theoretical perspectives of the social constructivists where meaning is seen to push through and is constantly changing. This view appears to have gained some following in tourism research with writers including Dearden and Mitchell (1997) and Sharpley and Sharpley (1997) sharing this perspective.Auliana Poon (1993) Tourism, Technology and Competitive Strategies. Oxford CAB International.Poon writes about alternative tourism and puts forward the view that alternative tourism is more exclusive than mass tourism and is diametrically opposed to mass tourism in terms of consumers, production, applied science and management. Poon argues that mass tourism comprises rigidly packaged and inflexible holidays when deviation from the package is rejected because of the cost implications that deviation would incur. There is also a mass breeding of identical rooms or apartments to allow the operators to reap the benefits of economies of scale, and there is mass (undifferentiated) ma rketing again with hotel and holiday branding for reasons of economies of scale. Finally, according to Poon, mass tourism features mass consumption with little regard for the cultures of the tourist destinations.The alternative, according to Poon is a form of tourism that embraces flexibility and specialisation which provides a more personalised form of tourism. The alternative scenario also gives greater consideration to the tourist destination and actively considers culture and environment. The sustainability of alternative tourist destinations are therefore paramount under alternative tourism and attempts are made to pursue development in a culturally and environmentally sensitive and considered way. The motivation for tour companies to pursue alternative tourism can be seen in the potential it provides to differentiate itself in the marketplace. Mass tourism has saturated the market and to stand out to the consumer the travel companies must offer something different and authenti city is this difference.Having considered the work of Boorstin and MacCannell, and also Cohen, it becomes more difficult to accept a further attempt to present authenticity as a pure and exclusive form. It is easy to see that the concept of authenticity is useful in an academic sense, as a key component in a model, or a concept in which to frame a debate, but more difficult to see its existence in a pure form. In addition to considering authenticity as the polar opposite of mass tourism, there is another perspective that mass tourism has merely reinvented itself into a more socially acceptable form. Fernandes (1994 4) points out, the mainstream tourism industry has merely tried to invent a new legitimation for itself, the sustainable use of the environment including the preservation of nature as an amenity for the already advantaged.John Urry (1990) The Tourist Gaze.London SageUrry notes the rapid development of tourism and uses a metaphor of an omnivorous creature to highlight what he sees as tourists devouring the planet in their consuming of destinations. Urry (19901) states that when we travel we gaze and the gaze is socially constructed. The gaze is not a single gaze regardless of nationality or social class, but emerges from who we are and goes on to shape us and well as that gazed upon.Urry charts the development of the tourist industry in the UK and looks at the rise of mass tourism in Victorian Britain the development of the British coastal resorts, the mass tourism provided by holiday camps, and the introduction of a new flexibility from the 1960s onwards as people travelled to European destinations. Mass marketing provided representative images which gave tourists an understanding of the destinations available and these are duplicated in the destinations themselves and in place promotion.Urry urges the development of the line-mass marketing tourist or what he calls that post-tourist who seeks to find authenticity and shirk the artificial and stage d events offered by the tourism operators. This builds on Cohens work which argued that the local culture becomes a contrived commodity and, without peoples consent, operators take local culture and renders it meaningless.Urrys work has come under criticism with some arguing that he has over-stated the decline of mass tourism. Indeed, package holidays to Orlando and Phuket appear to have a great deal in common in terms of fun and pleasure seeking as the mass tourism in Blackpool of earlier generations. Urrys gaze has been criticised as being inadequate Prentice (2001) puts forward the need to look at the subjective mental state felt by individuals while Ooi (2002) argues that the subjective nature of experience means that as well as being multi-faceted, experiences are embodies in people and can only be expressed to and not felt by other people.Ning Wang (2000) Tourism and Modernity A sociological Analysis. Tourism Social Science Series. Oxford Pergamon.Having read perspectives from the objectivists Boorstin and MacCannell, and the social constructivist perspectives, it was interesting to see how Wang appeared to bring these perspectives together with a postmodernist perspective, based on the work of Baudrillard and others. Wang argues that authenticity should be broken down into authenticity of object and authenticity of experience. Authenticity of object refers to the authenticity of what is being observed, and this is further broken down into objective, constructive and post modern forms with the post modern form rejecting authenticity completely, while authenticity of experience refers to a persons own personal experiences.Wang puts forward the view that authenticity is not inherent and identified characteristics that can be attributed to the constructivist conceptions of authenticity, namely that there is no fixed origin of authenticity, that what we consider original and authentic can be contested, notions of authenticity are pluralistic, and that authen ticity is often declared when something conforms to tourist expectations. Wang also put forward the idea that inauthentic experiences can become authentic over time. This process, which Wang terms emergent authenticity was also put forward by Cohen and promotes the primacy of the tourist perception of the experience and, as Picard and Robinson remind us, all events were once created and that ranking authenticity is highly questionable (2006 134).Wangs focus on a persons own experiences is interesting as so often of the debate on the importance of authenticity has been about the authenticity of the objects being seen. Wang notes that tourists are in search of their authentic selves with the aid of activitiesor toured objects (2000360). This search for our authentic selves can be liberating, a desire for experiences that are outside of our daily lives, but can also be restricted by itineraries and other constraints. The importance of authenticity in tourism is, for Wang, a feeling or perceiving of authenticity rather than its fixed existence in cultural objects.ConclusionsFrom this study record we can see that many writers have highlighted the importance of authenticity but there is inconsistency about what authenticity entails. For Boorstin, mass tourism ruined any put on the line of experiencing authenticity and authenticity that not something that the masses sought even if it were attainable. MacCannell considered that authenticity could be equally sought by the mass tourist or researcher but held that the tourism industry was denying the people an authentic experience. Cohen offered a perspective on authenticity that incorporated both the tourist and the host but offered the possible action that one party might consider an experience authentic while the other did not Poon considered authenticity and mass tourism to be diametrically opposed, while Urry built on Cohens work and presented the view that culture had become such a contrived commodity that it ha d been rendered meaningless. Finally, Wang presented what is almost a capstone perspective, bring in the earlier objective and constructivist perspectives to present a broader representation of the importance of authenticity as an existential experience.ReferencesBoorstin, DJ (1985) The Image A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America. 2nd ed. New York AtheneumBottrill, C and D Pearce (1995) Ecotourism towards a key elements approach to operationalising the concept. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 3, 1, 45-54.Cohen, E (1995) Contemporary Tourism-Trends and Challenges Sustainable Authenticity or Contrived Post-Modernity?, in Change in Tourism People, Places, Processes, ed. Richard Butler and Douglas Pearce. London Routledge.Dearden, P and B Mitchell (1997) Environmental Change and Challenge. Oxford University Press.Fernandes, D (1994) The shaky ground of sustainable tourism. Quarterly Environmental Journal, 2, 4, October-December, 4-38.Goffman, E (1959) Presentation of self in everyday lif e. Penguin Books.Honey, M (1998) Wheres the eco in ecotourism? Connection to the Americas, 15, 2, March, 1-7.MacCannell, D. (1999) The Tourist A New opening of the Leisure Class. University of California PressMcKercher, B (1993) The unrecognized threat to tourism can tourism survive sustainability. Tourism Management, 14, 4, 131-136.Ooi, C-S (2002) Cultural Tourism and Tourism Cultures The line of work of Mediating Experiences in Copenhagen and Singapore. Copenhagen Copenhagen Business School Press.Picard, D and M Robinson (2006) Festivals, Tourism and Social Change. Channel View Publications.Poon, A (1993) Tourism, technology and competitive strategies. Oxford CAB International.Prentice, R (2001) existential Cultural Tourism. 2nd ed. Edinburgh Queen Margaret CollegeSharpley, R and J Sharpley (1997) Sustainability and Consumption of Tourism, in MJ Stabler (ed) Tourism and Sustainability. Oxford CAB International, 231-244.Urry, J. (1990) The Tourist Gaze, London Sage.Wang, N (1999) Rethinking Authenticity in Tourism Experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 26, 2, 349-70.Wang, N (2000) Tourism and Modernity A Sociological Analysis. Tourism Social Science Series. Oxford Pergamon.Footnotes1 See McKercher (1993)2 1961 reprinted 1985

What Really Happened To Roanoke History Essay

What Re altogethery Happened To Roanoke History EssayYears in front the first major Ameri rat settlement of Jamestown was established, Sir Walter Raleigh, a europiuman, was sent by sprite Elizabeth I to land on Roanoke Island, in what is now North Carolina. Upon arriving, Raleigh attempted to befriend the natives in order to be able to set up a colony there. take downtually there was a nonher expedition made with a different group of people who would permanently live on this fresh land we now call America. Many people get it on this story, and that it ended in the utter disappearance of a large group of settlers. The only if breath that the vanished group left was the word CROATOAN carved on a nearby tree (Lois 16). A lot of people think that the settlers all died since no pack ancestry has been traced back to them yet, plainly most people over look the most plausible possibility most settlers ended up assimilating to nearby Indian lifestyles and families, leaving their woul d-be colony behind, and starting forward-looking with the native people.The voyage to Roanoke was the last of two main voyages to settle in America. On this voyage, seat White, a man who was already familiar with the land, would be the leader. White put together a group of 110 civilians, different from the group of soldiers Raleigh had brought before (Durant 103). The benefit of having civilians settle for this voyage is that they had motivation for survival. The previous expedition had soldiers who were paid to venture into the new land and settle. This new crowd was completely volunteer their only payment was acreage promised by the Queen (104). Since the families would have land in America, they would have to learn to survive and be self sufficient in the new world. On April 26, 1587, John White led his expedition to Roanoke to start their new life (Fritz, Talbott).After arrival at Roanoke, the settlers there developed an established knowledge base for them to live in. It coul d support them, to an extent. A settler named Edward Stafford led a group of 20 people down to visit the Indians who lived on Croatoan Island (Durant 118). Accompanying them was an Indian that was earlier brought back to Europe by previous expeditions (Durant 118). The Croatoans befriended White, even though unrivaled of their members had been killed by previous skirmishes. John White and his settlers didnt make friends with all the tribes, though. There had been angiotensin-converting enzyme tribe, the Roanoacs, whom John White planned to murder in revenge of them killing one of Europes former citizens, George Howe (119). Eventually after being on the island for quite almost fourth dimension, the colonists encouraged White to return to England for provisions. Originally, he argued the liking because he didnt want to abandon his daughter and her newborn child. Eventually he was persuaded and he waited for Fernandez, the pilot of the initial voyage to pick him up aboard the Lio n (121). Due to storms, Fernandez arrival was delayed, but on August 27, 1587 John White left the Island of Roanoke along with its settlers, for Europe (123). Little known to White, this would be the last time he would ever see them again.White returned in 1590 to the island of Roanoke to find almost nothing left of the colony. It is say that White and his men could see fire burning through the trees, and, To reassure the colonists that they were a friendly party, they first sounded a trumpet and then spend the dark singing position folk tunes and calling out familiar greetings, but no answer came. (Kupperman 130). Karen Kuppermans book titled Roanoke, says that White told the colonists to carve clues to let them know where they had gone, and the word CRO was found on a tree (131). White wasnt surprised because the colonists and him had discussed moving north to a different area by the time he got back. After finding the famed CROATOAN carving, white planned to sail to Croatoan i n the spring after spending winter in the West Indies, but storms prevented his return, and White never made it back to find the colonists (133).Many theories are present to what could have happened to these colonists. The one that most resonates with me is that the colonists assimilated with the natives and there is much evidence to rise up this. First off, the colonists had already befriended the Croatoan, the tribe in which the clue they left was based on. It is not unusual to assume that the starving colony would seek help from the local anesthetic tribe who had lived there since the existence of their people. Upon settling Jamestown, John Smith had published a book talking about the settlement and the area of what is now Virginia, and in it he reports, Indians had told him of people like the settlers, whom Smith took to be the lost colonists (Kupperman 137). Kuppermans book reiterates the legends of colonists intermarrying with the Indians Local legends in North Carolina maint ain that the lost colonists survived and intermarried with the Indians and that their posterity live in the region today (141). When we look at it from a more current standpoint, it is easy to see in todays society that mixed race is everywhere. If you look at a Native American descendant of today, you can tell that he is Native American. But when someone is a child of mixed raced parents, some traits can be more dominant than others. Is it not possible that when the white settlers merged with the Indians that their physical traits were more prominent that the whites? This would defend the statement that most of the surviving colonists and their descendants were hard to discover, due to the fact that they merely blended in with the rest of the Indians. By the time America became more settled, the original lost colonists of Roanoke would have been dead. much evidence of survival of the Roanoke settlers is backed up by James Horns article titled Roanokes Lost Colony Found? It speaks of a Powhatan named Machumps who traveled to England and told the English of an Indian tribe forming two story houses made of stone, and they did this after being taught by English who survived the slaughter of Roanoke. On a side note, the slaughter on Roanoke was an ardor on the village by local Indians, which led people to believe that the colonists had all perished. According to this article, it could very well be possible that some fly and survived. John White has a recorded journal entry that he wrote, detailing the request that the colonists made, suggesting that he return to England to update Raleigh on their stipulation and get supplies. In the colonists request they state, for the present and speedie supllie of certain our knowen, and apparent lackes, and needs, most requisite and necessarie for the good of usuncessantly requested John Whitein all our behalfes to pass into Englande. (Quinn, The Roanoke Voyages). This journal entry even more stresses the fact that the col onists supplies were dwindling. Since John White didnt return, the only option for supplies they had was living with the Croatoan. In Lois Miner Hueys book American Archaeology Uncovers the Earliest English Colony, she speaks of a glass trade beadand three brass disks. (20). These items, were no doubt offered as necklaces in exchange for provender or other goods (Huey 20). The English could have probably survived for quite some time on bartering trades with the Natives alone. While clues like this and many others are found, no one will know for sure if they used them to trade for food.In the end, the Lost Colony of Roanoke will always be a mystery. I do not believe that in my lifetime they will uncover the certain truth. Judging by the facts that I have read, and the references that I have researched, the only plausible idea is that the colonists assimilated with the Croatoan. The colonists left the carving in the tree to signal to John White that, upon his return, he should look f or them there. Also, the Indian immigrant Machumps speaking of English existence within the tribes reinforces the idea. Even from the viewpoint of today, when we look around at how intensely diverse our culture is, it is not hard to believe that back then at the beginning of our America, the English could have started mixing with foreign races. Maybe they mixed because that is the only way they would have survived and kept their bloodline going. Roanoke is the Lost Colony, but I believe the hostile relatives of the colonists are among us, today.

sleep rem :: essays research papers

States of ConsciousnessConsciousnessIn 1960 a man named W. Dement conducted a serial publication of studies relating to sleep. His main goal was to understand and learn about the effects of breathing in deprivation. His tactics would soon be very useful in the quest of answering some very complex questions.He started out with the idea of observing infants while they were asleep, without realizing that he couldnt get no verbal feed back from a new born. He because decided to choose 20 random adults to be his ginnea pigs. He would then end up putting these 20 individuals through a series of test and trials. Dement did this by a series of awakenings through the course of sleep. He would monitor his subjects in another room by hooking up electronic devices to the patients muscles located around their eyes. The purpose of the electronic devices was to be able to wake up the subjects in two different periods. One being eye movement and the other no eye movement. He would then wake them up and ask if they could remember their dream.According to Dement 74% of the 27 awakenings during the periods of sleep accompanied by eye movement, could remember detailed opthalmic dreams. The other 26% reported the feeling of having dreamed, but they could no recall the content in detail. During periods of no eye movement, there were 23 awakenings of which 82% did not remember dreaming and 4 of them said that they might have been dreaming but were not for sure. While his study progressed each subject would have to be awakened more frequently because of the bodies way of REM-rebound. Your body needs sleep and when it is denied sleep it tries to authorize up for lost sleep. Today we know that there argon four different stages of sleep. One being the lightest and four being the deepest. At the time, Dement had no idea that he was messing with ones circadian circle. The circadian rhythm is like the bodys clock in which it sends messages to your brain to let you know what your body needs. For instance if your body needs sleep you will then start to feel tired. The results could be used to improve interrogation tactics by utilizing dream, or sleep, deprivation. Dement did this by depriving his subjects of sleep. The bodys continued effort to make of for lost REM sleep, can force someone to say, or do, something that they normally would not have done.

Critique of Humes Analysis of Causality Essay example -- Philosophy P

Critique of Humes Analysis of CausalityHumes analyses of military personnel apprehension and of motive were the most penetrating up to his time and take place to have outstanding influence. Contemporary Spanish philosopher Xavier Zubiri (1893-1983) has examined both and identified three underlying errors (1) the failure to recognize that there are three stages of human intellection, and in particular that the first, primordial apprehension, has quite unique characteristics (2) the attempt to place an excessive burden on the content of impressions while ignoring what Zubiri terms their formality of reality and (3) the failure to recognize that functionality, not causality, is the alkali for most of our knowledge. Causal chains in general cannot be adequately known, and therefore are not and cannot be the basis of our knowledge of the external world. sole(prenominal) in the area of persons and morality does causality play a critical role. I. IntroductionCausality has been a pivot al concept in the history of philosophy since the time of the Ancient Greeks. After David Hume, however, many have questioned whether there is (or can be) any metaphysical meaning of causality, or valid inferences based upon it. Xavier Zubiri (1898-1983) has rethought and reformulated the question of causality in light of its historical roles, well-known criticisms, and relevant contemporary knowledge. In doing so, he has achieved a unique perspective on the subject which should be of great interest to those concerned with causality and any of its applications.II. Humes critique of causalityThe figure of David Hume looms large in the philosophical tradition of English-speaking countries and his two famous analyses, of human apprehension and of causality, were the... ..., (First volume of trilogy, Inteligencia sentiente), Madrid Alianza Editorial/Sociedad de Estudios y Publicaciones, 1980, p. 82-83. (Hereafter, IRE unless otherwise indicated, all translations of Zubiri are by the a uthor).(6) IRE, p. 257.(7) IRE, p. 104.(8) Xavier Zubiri, Inteligencia y razn, (Third volume of trilogy, Inteligencia sentiente), Madrid Alianza Editorial/Sociedad de Estudios y Publicaciones, 1983, p. 45. (Hereafter, IRA).(9) Xavier Zubiri, Inteligencia y logos, (Second volume of trilogy, Inteligencia sentiente), Madrid Alianza Editorial/Fundacin Xavier Zubiri, 1982, p. 39-40. (Hereafter, IL).(10) Treatise of Human Nature, p. 74.(11) IL, p. 40.(12) IL, p. 41.(13) IL, p. 41.(14) Xavier Zubiri, Los Problemas Fundamentales de la Metafsica Occidental, Madrid Alianza Editorial/Fundacin Xavier Zubiri, 1994, p. 229.